A Critical Discourse Analysis on Instagram @Sajak Maluku based on the Van Dijk’s model

This research discusses critical discourse analysis based on Van Dijk's theory on the Instagram account of @Sajak_Maluku. It aims to explain the theme and moral lessons embedded in the discourse on the Instagram account of @Sajak_Maluku. This was descriptive qualitative research. The data source in this research was the Instagram account of @Sajak_Maluku. The technique of data collection was done by documenting the screenshots of the images containing the discourse on the @Sajak_Maluku Instagram account. Furthermore, the discourse was analyzed using the critical discourse analysis method with a content analysis model based on Van Dijk's theory. The critical discourse analysis method was carried out to explain the hidden purpose in the discourse, while content analysis aims to explain the content of the discourse. The results of this research show that there are two themes in the discourse on the @Sajak_Maluku Instagram account from June 1 until June 10, 2022, which are self-reflection and religious themes. Moral values which can be concluded from religious themes are how we have to be thankful for our everyday life, and we have to keep praying for everything from self-reflection theme is advice to ourselves in relation to what we face every day.


INTRODUCTION
Discourse is a type of spoken communication.Discourse, as one of the language elements, is the most complete and complex.Phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs are examples of supporting units in a full essay (Mulyana, 2005).Discourse can be divided into two types: written discourse and verbal discourse.As Payuyasa (2017) explains, discourse can be presented to the interlocutor with a variety of intentions.Speakers can convey various types of opinions or thoughts verbally and in writing through discourse.The word wacana, which means discourse, is derived from the Sanskrit words wac / wak / vak, which mean 'to say' (Douglas in Mulyana, 2005).According to Suciartini (2017), critical discourse analysis (CDA) requires the study of discourse contexts such as setting, situation, event, and condition.In this case, discourse is understood, produced, and analyzed in specific contexts.CDA also investigates the context of communication, including who communicates with whom and why, the type of audience and situation, the medium used, how the different types of communication develop, and how the differences are created by each party.In this case, language is understood in its entirety.
The critical discourse analysis method developed by Teun A. Van Dijk was used in this study.This discourse element is divided into three levels by Van Dijk: macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure.Despite the fact that they are made up of various elements, they are all interconnected, related, and support one another.Based on this analysis, it is possible to comprehend how to determine the structure of a text.Macrostructure is the overall or general meaning of a text that can be seen by examining the topic or theme emphasized in the text.The superstructure of discourse is related to the framework of a text, and how the parts are arranged as a whole.The meaning of discourse that can be observed by small parts of a text such as words, sentences, propositions, clauses, and images is referred to as the microstructure (Van Dijk in Eriyanto, 2009).This study focused on the macro structure, one of the three elements presented by van Dijk.As a result, the observation only focuses on the discourse theme.Teun A. Van Dijk used a social cognition approach to conduct an analysis.The discourse's theme was examined by relating it to events or social events.As a result, the meaning or purpose of the discourse text can be examined.Discourse is frequently intended to be consumed by a large number of people As a result, social media is one method of communicating information to the public in the form of discourse.Instagram is a social media platform that has become inextricably linked to society.Instagram is a popular application among smartphone users.Users can share photos or videos with other users who follow them in this app.Aside from that, users can take photos or videos that have been shared by other users.According to Mauludy (2018), Instagram is one of the media that serves to display photos that can be downloaded using an internet connection, so that other users can receive and view these photos in real-time.
The Instagram account of @Sajak_Maluku is an account managed by Darma (Writer).This account has 26.800 followers.The posts which are uploaded on the Instagram page are in the form of text and photos, which embody discourse.The discourse conveyed by this account is in the form of written discourse which uses Ambonese as the content language.In this @Sajak_Maluku account, there are many discourses on the philosophical values of the Moluccas or Ambonese people.These moral values can be a moral lesson or message for Moluccas society in life to become people with good characters, people with culture, and people who maintain good relationships with society and God.
Because discourse has philosophical value for society, a critical approach is required to decipher the meaning of the discourse shared by the @Sajak Maluku account.The method is a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of the conversation on the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account.The goal of this approach is to explain the hidden meaning in the author of the account's discourses.It is done to assist readers in taking moral lessons or messages from the discourse on the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account and implementing the messages in everyday life.In today's globalized world, the millennial generation is thought to be more likely to experience character degradation in their social environment.Aside from the positive effects, technological sophistication has a negative impact on its users, particularly the younger generation.One of the consequences is that the younger generation, known as the millennial generation, is more individualistic and unaware of their social surroundings.As a result, the nobility of Indonesian culture, particularly Mollucas and Ambonese culture, is expected to play a role in overcoming the moral decline of the younger generation through this research.

REVIEW OF RELATED THEORY Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis (or CDA) is an approach to analyzing discourse structures (written or spoken) that involves a study of the way social or political power, dominance, inequality, bias, or resistance to such practices (in society) are mediated through the linguistic system.At the same time, Critical Discourse Analysis views discourse as a 'social practice' which means that language is determined by social structure and social conditions, and that language also shapes social practice Language in critical discourse is seen as a representation that shapes certain subjects, themes, and ideologies.Critical discourse analysis views language as an important factor, the language is used in seeing the power imbalances that occur in society.An important characteristic of his own critical discourse presented by Teun A. Van Dijk, Fairclough, and Wodak (in Eriyanto. 2009: 8-13) is an action, context, history, power, and ideology.The five characteristics of critical discourse are explained below:

A. Action
Discourse is understood as an action or an interaction.Discourse is seen as something that aims, whether it affects, debates persuade, supports, reacts, and so on.Discourse is understood as something that is consciously expressed, and controlled, not something that is out of control or expressed outside of consciousness.

B. Context
Discourse analysis critically considers the context of discourse such as setting, situation, event, and condition.Discourse is produced, understood, and analyzed in a particular context.Language is understood in the overall context.Guy Cook said there are three things that are central in terms of discourse, namely text, context, and discourse

C. Historical
Discourse is produced in certain contexts and cannot be understood without including the accompanying context.One important aspect of being able to understand the text is to place the discourse in a particular historical context.Understanding of the text discourse will only be obtained if it first provides the historical context in which the context was created.

D. Power
Critical discourse analysis considers the element of power (power).Discourse arises in the form of text not seen as natural or neutral but constitutes a form of interference with power.Critical discourse analysis does not limit itself to the detail of text or structure but also connects with certain powers of social, political, economic, and cultural power.

E. Ideology
The central concept that also plays a role in critical discourse analysis is ideology.This is because the text and other forms are forms of ideological practice or reflection of certain ideologies.Ideology is built by dominant groups with the aim of reproducing and legitimizing their domination.Discourse in this case is seen by Van Djik as a medium through dominant groups that persuade and communicate to the public the power and dominance of production.
The five characteristics above are common characteristics of critical discourse.These characteristics describe discourse as a social practice that causes a dialectical relationship between certain discursive events with the situation, institutions, and social structures that shape it and display the existing ideological effects.Based on the five characteristics of the discourse above, it can be understood that discourse is related to various aspects that are in the background.Discourse is closely related to action, context, history, power, and ideology.Text is part of the discourse.In this case, text analysis aims to reveal the purpose of a text (speech).Van Dijk divided this discourse element into three levels, namely macro structure, superstructure, and microstructure.However, even though it consists of various elements, all of these elements constitute a unity that is interrelated, connected, and supporting each other.

Introduction of Instagram
Instagram is a photo social application with functions of photo shooting, photo beautifying, and sharing.It can also be seen as a new type of social media based on picture interaction because of its function to assist people to build social networking based on pictures (Jin et al., 2015).This mobile app was officially published in Apple Appstore in October 2010.Its users grew rapidly after the app launched, with more than 100 thousand users registered in just one week.Afterward, Instagram became the focus of public attention on April 10, 2012.On that day, Facebook bought this company, which had only 551 days and 13 employees, for $1 billion in cash and stock.Nowadays, the number of Instagram users has exceeded 1 billion (Constine, 2018).With various types of maps and videos, it is not only a tool for social networking among friends but also an important platform for bloggers to work.Meanwhile, in the business world, it is also a channel for global enterprises to attract web traffic and interact with consumers.As a social platform, Instagram's success in standing out in the fierce competition is mainly because of its clear product positioning and prominent advantages when compared with other social media platforms.

The Research Design
This study is a descriptive qualitative study.According to Jane Richie in Moleong (2014), qualitative research is an attempt to present the social world and its perspective on the world in terms of concepts, behaviors, perceptions, and issues concerning the people studied.Based on the Teun Van Dijk model, the data were obtained by analyzing the discourse of posts on the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account.The study analyzed in this research was the posts on the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account.The information gathered was descriptive in the form of Mollucas or Ambonese language discourse.This theme was chosen because, according to the researchers, this Instagram account presents unexplored Mollucas or Ambonese language discourse.As a result, the researchers intend to investigate it in order to promote Mollucas values to wider society.

The Source of Data
The data for this study will come from the Instagram account @Sajak Maluku.Some posts from June 1 -June 10, 2022, were chosen by the researcher.

The Technique of Collecting and Analysing Data
There was only one type of data in this study.The information was derived from data sources obtained from discourse posts shared by the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account in 2021 and 2022.The data was gathered by taking screenshots of images containing discourse on the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account.The objects studied were discourses obtained from the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account from June 1 -June 10, 2022.Following the collection of the discourses, they were analyzed using the critical discourse analysis method based on Van Dijk's content analysis model.It aimed to explain the discourse's content, whereas critical discourse analysis explained the discourse's hidden intentions.

METHOD The Research Design
This study is a descriptive qualitative study.According to Jane Richie in Moleong (2014), qualitative research is an attempt to present the social world and its perspective on the world in terms of concepts, behaviors, perceptions, and issues concerning the people studied.Based on the Teun Van Dijk model, the data were obtained by analyzing the discourse of posts on the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account.The study analyzed in this research was the posts on the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account.The information gathered was descriptive in the form of Mollucas or Ambonese language discourse.This theme was chosen because, according to the researchers, this Instagram account presents unexplored Mollucas or Ambonese language discourse.As a result, the researchers intend to investigate it in order to promote Mollucas values to wider society.

The Source of Data
The data for this study will come from the Instagram account @Sajak Maluku.Some posts from June 1 -June 10, 2022, were chosen by the researcher.

The Technique of Collecting and Analysing Data
There was only one type of data in this study.The information was derived from data sources obtained from discourse posts shared by the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account in 2021 and 2022.The data was gathered by taking screenshots of images containing discourse on the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account.The objects studied were discourses obtained from the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account from June 1 -June 10, 2022.Following the collection of the discourses, they were analyzed using the critical discourse analysis method based on Van Dijk's content analysis model.It aimed to explain the discourse's content, whereas critical discourse analysis explained the discourse's hidden intentions.

FINDINGS
and find the right balance in life.The discourses serve as a source of guidance and inspiration, encouraging individuals to apply these moral values in their interactions with others and in their pursuit of a meaningful and blessed life.
Overall, the @Sajak Maluku Instagram account serves as a platform for disseminating thought-provoking discourses that aim to instill positive values, promote personal development, and foster a deeper understanding of faith and self.