Pelindungan Hak Asasi Manusia Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Non Internasional Di Myanmar
Keywords:
Protection, Human Rights, Armed Conflict
Abstract
ABSTRACT: A non-international armed conflict occurred in Myanmar as a result of a military coup which triggered a wave of protests and demonstrations. Human rights violations occurred by the Myanmar military and ethnic armed groups, including mass killings, rape and sexual violence. The aim of this research is to examine and understand human rights violations committed by parties involved in the non-international armed conflict in Myanmar, to examine and determine the obstacles faced in protecting human rights in Myanmar during the non-international armed conflict. The research method used is Normative Juridical research. The problem approaches used are the statutory approach, concept approach and case approach. Sources of legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. procedures for collecting legal materials and processing analyzes of prescriptive legal materials through methods of interpretation, harmonization, systematicity, and legal discovery. The research results show that in the non-international armed conflict in Myanmar, a series of serious human rights violations occurred. This includes the use of force against civilian demonstrators, arbitrary arrests, and repression of pro-democracy activists. In addition, there were reports of acts of torture and sexual violence. There are a number of obstacles in protecting human rights in Myanmar during non-international armed conflicts.
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References
Jurnal
Arman Anwar dkk, Konsep Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pengungsi Anak Dari Ukraina Dalam Perspektif Hukum Pengungsi Internasional, Balobe Law Jurnal, Vol, 3 No 1, April 2023
Ambarwati, Sikap Asean Terhadap Pelanggaran Ham Di Myanmar Pasca Kudeta, Jurnal Ilmiah Dinamika Sosial, Vol. 6 No. 1, 2022
Ashadi, Kudeta Junta Militer Myanmar Terhadap Aung San Suu Kyi 2021, Dauliyah: Journal of Islam and International Affairs, Vol.7 No.2, 2022
Ashadi, Kudeta Junta Militer Myanmar Terhadap Aung San Suu Kyi 2021. Dauliyah: Journal of Islam and International Affairs, Vol. 7 No. 2, 2022
Asmarani, Teori Hak Asasi Manusia, Jurnal Hukum dan Masyarakat, Vol.14, No.1, 2015
Audina, Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Pelanggaran HAM berat (Tinjauan Hukum Nasional dan Hukum Internasional), Legalite: Jurnal Perundang Undangan Dan Hukum Pidana Islam, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2020
Batuwael, V., Hanafia, I. H., & Leatemia, W. (2023). Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Perempuan Dan Tanggung Jawab Negara. PATTIMURA Law Study Review, 1(1), 103-113.
Ho, Hengky, Penerapan Hukum Humaniter Internasional Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Antara Palestina Dan Israel, Lex Et Societatis, Vol 7 No.2, 2019
Honandar, Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Orang Sipil Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional (Non-International Armed Conflict), Lex Privatum, Vol 5 No. 2, 2017
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Kurniawan, Rohingya Case and State Responsibility in the Enforcement of Human Rights. Jurnal Konstitusi, Vol.14, (No. 4), 2017
Mangku, Dewa Gede , Kasus Pelanggaran HAM Etnis Rohingya, Jurnal Media Komunikasi, Vol.12, (No.2), 2013
Pelupessy, C. D., Wattimena, J. A. Y., & Leatemia, W, Fungsi ASEAN Intergovernmental Commision on Human Rights (AICHR) Dalam Perlindungan HAM Di Wilayah Domestik Myanmar, TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol.2 No.11, 2023
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Putri, Jasmine, Salma, Bagasta, & Faturrahman, Dampak Prinsip-Prinsip Dasar ASEAN Terhadap Pola Kerjasama ASEAN Menghadapi Krisis Kudeta Myanmar, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 4 No.1, 2021
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Buku
Andrey Sujatmoko, Hukum HAM Dan Hukum Humaniter, PT RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2016
Andrey Sujatmoko, Tanggung Jawab Negara atas Pelanggaran Berat HAM, Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia, Jakarta, 2005
GPH Haryomataram, Sekelumit tentang Hukum Humaniter, Sebelas Maret University Press, Surakarta, 1994.
Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State, Bee Media, Jakarta, 2007
Henckaerts & Doswald-Beck, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009
Jianming Shen, Then Non Intervention Principle and Humanitarian Intervention under International Law, International Legal Theory, 2001
Luhulima, Dewi Fortuna, dkk, Masyarakat Asia tenggara menuju ASEAN 2015, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta, 2008
Majda El-Muhtaj, Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Konstitusi Indonesia, Prenada Kencana Media Group, Jakarta, 2003
Mochtar Kusumaadmadja, Konvensi-konvensi Palang Merah Internasional Tahun 1949, Bina Cipta, Bandung, 1986
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, Buku Penelitian Hukum Cet. 12, Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta, 2016
Rahayu, Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 2015
Sivakumaran, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, University Press, Oxford, 2011
Soetjipto & Ani. HAM Dan Politik Internasional Sebuah Pengantar, Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, Jakarta, 2015
Sumaryo Suryokusumo, Studi Kasus Hukum Organisasi Internasional, Alumni, Bandung, 1993
Umar Suryadi Bakry, Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Kencana, Jakarta, 2019
US Army, Field Manual of the Law of Landwarfare, FM 27 - 10, The Law of Landwarfare, New York, 1956.
Online/World Wide Web
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"Myanmar military 'murdered Rohingya with genocidal intent'" (The Guardian, 20 August 2018)https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/27/myanmar-military-murdered-rohingya-with-genocidal-intent Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
"Myanmar: Rohingya and Rakhine armed groups unlawfully kill civilians" (Amnesty International, 10 April 2020) https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/04/myanmar-rohingya-and-rakhine-armed-groups-unlawfully-kill-civilians/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
"Myanmar: Rohingya armed group massacred dozens of Hindus" (Amnesty International, 22 May 2018)https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/myanmar-rohingya-armed-group-massacred-dozens-of-hindus/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
"Myanmar: Time for Accountability" (Human Rights Watch, 15 September 2021) https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/15/myanmar-time-accountability Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
Hartati, Konflik Etnis Myanmar (Studi Eksistensi Etnis Rohingya Ditengah Tekanan Pemerintah), Laporan Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2013.
http://ensiklopediasli.co.id/2016/03/8- contoh-kasus-pelanggaran-ham-didunia/ Diakses pada tanggal 6 Juni 2023.
https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/c8vyjrpz001o Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/principle-of-nonintervention/7EE9EC769A3F2CEE10E3DEE1CB30E274/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210219074717-4-224514/myanmar-makin-terpuruk-ramai-ramai-negara-jatuhkan-sanksi/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/opini/20210409042332-14-236409/kudeta-myanmar-dan-stabilitas-kawasan-asean/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/02/12/123000265/kudeta-myanmar-sebab-dan-apa-yang-sebenarnya-terjadi-?page=all/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.kompas.id/baca/internasional/2021/06/23/konflik-senjata-myanmar-tak-berujung/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2023/03/28/kekerasan-tak-berujung-di-myanmar Diakses Pada 04 Agustus 2023.
https://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/non-international-armed-conflict-in-myanmar/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
Imran, LEGITIMASI KUDETA OLEH MILITER MYANMAR DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONAL (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Hasanuddin), 2022,
Tike, A., & Rosida, Konstruksi Pemberitaan Konflik Etnis Rohingya , (Analisis Framing Robert Entman pada Harian Sindo Makassar Edisi September 2017), 2018
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2021). "Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict." Retrieved from: https://www.unocha.org/our-work/protection-civilians-armed-conflict.
Ulhaq, Peran Asean Intergovernmental Commission On Human Right Dalam Penanganan Krisis Hak Asasi Manusia Terkait Kudeta Militer Di Myanmar Periode 2021-2022 (Bachelor's thesis, Program Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta), 2022.
Arman Anwar dkk, Konsep Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pengungsi Anak Dari Ukraina Dalam Perspektif Hukum Pengungsi Internasional, Balobe Law Jurnal, Vol, 3 No 1, April 2023
Ambarwati, Sikap Asean Terhadap Pelanggaran Ham Di Myanmar Pasca Kudeta, Jurnal Ilmiah Dinamika Sosial, Vol. 6 No. 1, 2022
Ashadi, Kudeta Junta Militer Myanmar Terhadap Aung San Suu Kyi 2021, Dauliyah: Journal of Islam and International Affairs, Vol.7 No.2, 2022
Ashadi, Kudeta Junta Militer Myanmar Terhadap Aung San Suu Kyi 2021. Dauliyah: Journal of Islam and International Affairs, Vol. 7 No. 2, 2022
Asmarani, Teori Hak Asasi Manusia, Jurnal Hukum dan Masyarakat, Vol.14, No.1, 2015
Audina, Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Pelanggaran HAM berat (Tinjauan Hukum Nasional dan Hukum Internasional), Legalite: Jurnal Perundang Undangan Dan Hukum Pidana Islam, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2020
Batuwael, V., Hanafia, I. H., & Leatemia, W. (2023). Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Perempuan Dan Tanggung Jawab Negara. PATTIMURA Law Study Review, 1(1), 103-113.
Ho, Hengky, Penerapan Hukum Humaniter Internasional Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Antara Palestina Dan Israel, Lex Et Societatis, Vol 7 No.2, 2019
Honandar, Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Orang Sipil Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional (Non-International Armed Conflict), Lex Privatum, Vol 5 No. 2, 2017
Iqbal, Kudeta Militer Myanmar Dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional, Jurnal Dialektika Hukum, Vol.3 No.1
Iqbal, Kudeta Militer Myanmar Dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional, Jurnal Dialektika Hukum, Vol.3 No.1, 2021
Kurniawan, Rohingya Case and State Responsibility in the Enforcement of Human Rights. Jurnal Konstitusi, Vol.14, (No. 4), 2017
Mangku, Dewa Gede , Kasus Pelanggaran HAM Etnis Rohingya, Jurnal Media Komunikasi, Vol.12, (No.2), 2013
Pelupessy, C. D., Wattimena, J. A. Y., & Leatemia, W, Fungsi ASEAN Intergovernmental Commision on Human Rights (AICHR) Dalam Perlindungan HAM Di Wilayah Domestik Myanmar, TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol.2 No.11, 2023
Poluak, Perlindungan HAM BagiWarga Sipil Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional Menurut Perspektif Hukum Humaniter Internasional (Studi Kasus Perang Saudara Suriah Tahun 2011). LEX ADMINISTRATUM, Vol.10, No.3, 2022
Pudjibudono, Widya , Critizing The Handling of Rohingya Refugees in Southeast Asia by ASEAN and Its Member, Jurnal Politika, Vol. 10, (No.2), 2019
Putri, Jasmine, Salma, Bagasta, & Faturrahman, Dampak Prinsip-Prinsip Dasar ASEAN Terhadap Pola Kerjasama ASEAN Menghadapi Krisis Kudeta Myanmar, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 4 No.1, 2021
Rahmandani, Hak dan Kewajiban Sebagai Dasar Nilai Intrinsik Warga Negara Dalam Membentuk Masyarakat Sipil, Jurnal kajian Agama, Vol.4, (No.1), 2019
Ramadhani & Mabrurah, Pengaruh Prinsip Non-Intervensi ASEAN terhadap Upaya Negosiasi Indonesia Dalam Menangani Konflik Kudeta Myanmar. Global Political Studies Journal, Vol.5 No.2, 2021
Samendawai, Hak-Hak Korban Pelanggaran HAM Yang Berat (Tinjauan Hukum Internasional dan Nasional), Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, Vol. 16 No. 2, 2009
Tindaon, Rahman & Bariah, Perlindungan atas imigran rohingya dalam pelanggaran ham berat di myanmar dari aspek hukum internasional dan hukum nasional, Sumatra Journal of International Law, Vol. 1 No. 2, 2013
Buku
Andrey Sujatmoko, Hukum HAM Dan Hukum Humaniter, PT RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2016
Andrey Sujatmoko, Tanggung Jawab Negara atas Pelanggaran Berat HAM, Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia, Jakarta, 2005
GPH Haryomataram, Sekelumit tentang Hukum Humaniter, Sebelas Maret University Press, Surakarta, 1994.
Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State, Bee Media, Jakarta, 2007
Henckaerts & Doswald-Beck, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009
Jianming Shen, Then Non Intervention Principle and Humanitarian Intervention under International Law, International Legal Theory, 2001
Luhulima, Dewi Fortuna, dkk, Masyarakat Asia tenggara menuju ASEAN 2015, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta, 2008
Majda El-Muhtaj, Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Konstitusi Indonesia, Prenada Kencana Media Group, Jakarta, 2003
Mochtar Kusumaadmadja, Konvensi-konvensi Palang Merah Internasional Tahun 1949, Bina Cipta, Bandung, 1986
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, Buku Penelitian Hukum Cet. 12, Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta, 2016
Rahayu, Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 2015
Sivakumaran, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, University Press, Oxford, 2011
Soetjipto & Ani. HAM Dan Politik Internasional Sebuah Pengantar, Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, Jakarta, 2015
Sumaryo Suryokusumo, Studi Kasus Hukum Organisasi Internasional, Alumni, Bandung, 1993
Umar Suryadi Bakry, Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Kencana, Jakarta, 2019
US Army, Field Manual of the Law of Landwarfare, FM 27 - 10, The Law of Landwarfare, New York, 1956.
Online/World Wide Web
"Myanmar conflict: UN 'strongly condemns' fatal army clashes" (BBC, 17 November 2020) https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54949260 Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
"Myanmar military 'murdered Rohingya with genocidal intent'" (The Guardian, 20 August 2018)https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/27/myanmar-military-murdered-rohingya-with-genocidal-intent Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
"Myanmar: Rohingya and Rakhine armed groups unlawfully kill civilians" (Amnesty International, 10 April 2020) https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/04/myanmar-rohingya-and-rakhine-armed-groups-unlawfully-kill-civilians/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
"Myanmar: Rohingya armed group massacred dozens of Hindus" (Amnesty International, 22 May 2018)https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/myanmar-rohingya-armed-group-massacred-dozens-of-hindus/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
"Myanmar: Time for Accountability" (Human Rights Watch, 15 September 2021) https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/15/myanmar-time-accountability Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
Hartati, Konflik Etnis Myanmar (Studi Eksistensi Etnis Rohingya Ditengah Tekanan Pemerintah), Laporan Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2013.
http://ensiklopediasli.co.id/2016/03/8- contoh-kasus-pelanggaran-ham-didunia/ Diakses pada tanggal 6 Juni 2023.
https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/c8vyjrpz001o Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/principle-of-nonintervention/7EE9EC769A3F2CEE10E3DEE1CB30E274/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210219074717-4-224514/myanmar-makin-terpuruk-ramai-ramai-negara-jatuhkan-sanksi/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/opini/20210409042332-14-236409/kudeta-myanmar-dan-stabilitas-kawasan-asean/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/02/12/123000265/kudeta-myanmar-sebab-dan-apa-yang-sebenarnya-terjadi-?page=all/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.kompas.id/baca/internasional/2021/06/23/konflik-senjata-myanmar-tak-berujung/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2023/03/28/kekerasan-tak-berujung-di-myanmar Diakses Pada 04 Agustus 2023.
https://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/non-international-armed-conflict-in-myanmar/ Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023.
Imran, LEGITIMASI KUDETA OLEH MILITER MYANMAR DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONAL (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Hasanuddin), 2022,
Tike, A., & Rosida, Konstruksi Pemberitaan Konflik Etnis Rohingya , (Analisis Framing Robert Entman pada Harian Sindo Makassar Edisi September 2017), 2018
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2021). "Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict." Retrieved from: https://www.unocha.org/our-work/protection-civilians-armed-conflict.
Ulhaq, Peran Asean Intergovernmental Commission On Human Right Dalam Penanganan Krisis Hak Asasi Manusia Terkait Kudeta Militer Di Myanmar Periode 2021-2022 (Bachelor's thesis, Program Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta), 2022.
Published
2024-04-30
How to Cite
Hayer, K., Wattimena, J., & Leatemia, W. (2024). Pelindungan Hak Asasi Manusia Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Non Internasional Di Myanmar. PATTIMURA Law Study Review, 2(1), 43-61. https://doi.org/10.47268/palasrev.v2i1.13693
Section
HUKUM INTERNASIONAL
Copyright (c) 2024 Karel Neju Hayer, Josina Augustina Yvonne Wattimena, Wilshen Leatemia (Author)
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