ACTANTIAL SCHEMA AND FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE FAIRY TALE "DIE GÄNSEMAGD" (THE GOOSE GIRL) OF THE BROTHERS GRIMM FAIRY TALE COLLECTION (ANALYSIS OF A. J. GREIMAS THEORY)

This study aims to describe the actantial schema and functional structure of the German fairy tale "Die Gänsemagd". The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method. This method is used to determine the structure of actantial and functional models in the German fairy tale "Die Gänsemagd (The Goose Girl)" based on A. J. Greimas's theory. The data source in this study is a collection of German fairy tales by Brother Grimm (Deutsche Märchen von den Brüdern Grimm, Hauff, Beschstein und anderen) published by Artia Verlag, Prague in 1986. This study's data covered the unit of fairy tales that materialize in paragraphs, dialogues, and narratives of characters that show various conflicts following the research's objectives. The data were collected using documentation study techniques. Data analysis started by identifying the story's actantial and functional structure by reading the entire story content. After that, the actantial structure is determined by analyzing the characters' actions in the story to find their roles. The actantial structures that are determined are subject, object, opponent, assistant, and receiver. The analysis is continued by compiling a functional model by analyzing the story movement, which is divided into three parts; initial situation, transformation, and final situation. Based on the results of Greimas' narrative analysis of the German fairy tale "Die Gänsemagd," it can be concluded that there are two actantial schemas whose characters have several functions and roles in each schema. The first actantial schema consists of a subject, object, sender, receiver, assistant, with no opponent. Meanwhile, the second actantial schema consists of all the actants, namely, subject, object, sender, receiver, assistant, and opponent. The functional structure found in the story is the initial situation, the transformation (proficiency test stage, the main stage, and the glorious stage), and the final situation.


Introduction
Literature is a work of art that is inseparable from people's lives because it comes from the community itself, which we can enjoy at any time. An excellent literary work must be able to satisfy the imagination of those who read it. Literature is an expression of human thought in the form of writing and oral, has beauty, and uses language as a tool. A work resulting from the expression of the author's mind is called a literary work. Literary works are often found in everyday life, such as novels, short stories, poems, and dramas (Ninastiwi 2014). According to Fairy tales are common and familiar to people since childhood. Fairy tales are folk prose that is conveyed orally, is fantasy in nature, and it is not known who the author is. Fairy tales are also very interesting as research material, not only as reading and entertainment material, because of the moral values. Lubis (2016) also stated that every fairy tale contains messages and meanings meaningful to society. Dananjaja in Ninastiwi (2014) revealed that fairy tales are very interesting to research because fairy tales are told not only for entertainment but also to depict truth, morals, or even satire. Fairy tales are also a picture of ancient life, and a means to bequeath cultural values believed by the past. For example, some of the most popular European tales are Rapunzel, Cinderella, and Snow White. Historically, fairy tales were spread not only by word of mouth but also through books. Two German academics, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm or commonly known as Brothers Grimm, also use books as a medium for telling fairy tales. Apart from being in book form, Brothers Grimm's fairy tale collection is also republished and modified in the form of comics, picture books, animation, films, and stage performances. Currently, the Brothers Grimm fairy tale collections are being museumed in the city of Kassel, Germany (Puji Istiningdya Putri and Dyah Woroharsi Parnaningrum, 2018).
The Brothers Grimm fairy tale is famous in almost all countries and has been translated into many languages. Several collections of Grimm's fairy tales have been adapted into films including, Tangled, Enchanted, Hänsel and Gretel: Witch Hunter, and Snow White. From the Brothers Grimm' tales, the author chose the fairy tale "Die Gänsemagd" as the study material. The fairy tale "Die Gänsemagd" tells of a princess who is about to marry a prince from a neighboring kingdom. The Queen then prepared everything for her daughter to go to the kingdom of her future husband. The Queen sent a servant to accompany the Princess on her journey and gave a white napkin containing three drops of blood from her finger as a talisman to protect the Princess. However, on the way, there were many problems caused by the servant, she disobeyed all of the Princess's orders so that finally the Princess lost her talisman, and the servant controlled the Princess, which eventually made them switch positions. Fairy tales' stories contain many fantasy elements that do not exist in the real world, but their language is easily understood 3 and in demand by various groups. Fairy tales also contain many moral messages for their readers.
Along with the development of times and technology, there are still many moral problems. Electronic media portrayed many bad moral values that are then imitated by most groups, from children to adults, even though children are not yet mature enough to process and select shows from these media. Fairy tales as media in literary works that have become an oral tradition of the community from generation to generation are expected to instill good moral values further and as a medium for education through the storyline. This is in line with the opinion expressed by Yuni in Indira & Gantrisia (2018) that fairy tales are an effective medium to instill individual and social moral values in children that can be used as a guide and direction in their life. These individual moral values include (1) obedience, (2) courage, (3) willing sacrifice, (4) honesty, (5) fairness and wisdom, (6) respect, (7) hard work, (8) faithful, (9) returning favor, (10) good ethics, (11) being humble, and (12) being careful in acting. The social moral values are (1) working together, (2) helping, (3) compassion, (4) harmony, (5) giving advice, (6) caring about the fate of others, and (7) praying.
Considering the importance of fairy tales with all the values contained therein, especially fairy tales as media in the world of education, the author tries to introduce and make the German fairy tale "Die Gänsemagd" as an object of research which is implemented through structural and functional studies developed by A. J. Greimas. This is in accordance with Salahuddin in (Yuniasti 2019), which explained that A.J Greimas' narratological theory helps readers to understand plot sequences. Based on the description above, the writer is interested in further researching the actantial schema and functional structure of the fairytale "Die Gänsemagd" from Brothers Grimm's tales (A.J. Greimas Analysis Theory).

Methods
The method used in this research is the descriptive qualitative method. The method used aims to determine the actantial structure and the functional model in the German fairy tale "Die Gänsemagd (Goose Girl)" based on A.J. Greimas's theory. The qualitative method used interpretive methods by presenting it in the form of a description (Ratna in Sarman, 2018). Descriptive is defined as a problem-solving procedure that is investigated by describing the condition of the subject or object of research based on the facts that appear as they are. By using qualitative methods, this research is expected to reveal the actantial structure and the functional model in the German fairy tale, "Die Gänsemagd".

Results and Discussion
The fairy tale "Die Gänsemagd" or "The Goose Girl," which is told in the German fairy tale collection book by the Brothers Grimm, is found on pages 81 to 88. This fairy tale tells of a princess who is about to marry a prince from a neighboring kingdom. The Queen then prepared everything for her daughter to go to the kingdom of her future husband. The Queen sent a servant to accompany the Princess on her journey. The Queen gave a white napkin containing three drops of blood from her finger as a talisman to protect the Princess. However, on the way, there were many problems caused by the servant. She disobeyed all of the Princess's orders so that finally, the Princess lost her talisman, and the servant controlled the Princess, which eventually made them switch positions. There are several conflicts with the respective actantial schemas and functional models in this story. The conflicts are what builds the story.

Actantial Structure Analysis
Analysis of actantial and functional structures is emphasized on the characters and their roles because only the characters live the story and can build relationships between elements in the overall structure.

First Actantial Schema
Initial Situation; Following the first actantial schema above, the story of "The Goose Girl" begins with; Once upon a time, there was a Queen who had been left widowed by her dead husband for a long time and had a very beautiful daughter. When the Princess grows up, she is arranged with a prince from another kingdom. This point is clearly illustrated in the following quote: Es lebte einmal eine alte Königin, der war ihr Gemahl schon von vielen Jahren gestorben, und sie hatte eine schöne Tochter. Das Mädchen wuchs heran, und als es alt genug war, wurde es einem Königssohn in einem fernen Land versprochen.

Proficiency Test Stage;
When it was time for the princess to marry, and she had to travel to a distant kingdom, the queen packed many valuable items to become the king's dowry, such as jewelry, gold and silver, cups and chalices, because she loved her daughter with all her heart. This stage can be seen in the following quote:

Stages of Excitement;
When it was time for goodbye, the queen entered her bedroom, took a small knife, and sliced her finger until it bled. Then she held a white handkerchief and let three drops of blood fall on it. The queen gave the handkerchief to her daughter and said, "My dear child, take care of this well, and it will help you on the way." They both separated in a touching farewell. As illustrated in the following quote: The Princess's servant as opponent Falada (The Horse) as subject Initial Situation; After an hour of riding towards her groom (The Prince), accompanied by her servant and a horse named Falada, the Princess felt very thirsty and asked her servant to fetch water in the river using the glass they had brought from the kingdom. This situation can be seen in the following quote: Als sie eine Stunde geritten waren, empfand sie großen Durst und sprach zu ihrer Kammerjungfrau: »Steig' ab und schöpfe mir mit meinem Becher, den du für mich mitgenommen hast, Wasser aus dem Bache, ich möchte gern einmal trinken.« Proficiency Test Stage; After hearing the Princess's request, the servant did not obey the order and arrogantly refused to continue being the Princess's servant. In the end, the Princess bent over the ditch and drank because she was very thirsty and was not allowed by the servant to drink from the golden cup. The Princess then said, "Oh God!", Then three drops of blood replied, "If your mother finds out, her heart will definitely be broken." However, the king's daughter was very humble and said nothing. She rode her horse again and continued on her journey. As illustrated in the following quote: The Princess continued her journey a few miles further, but it was a sweltering day, the sun was scorching, and she was again very thirsty, and when they came to the stream, she again called the servant, but the servant was still arrogant. She bent over the river because she was very thirsty, cried, and said the same thing. The three drops of blood answer the same thing to her, and as the Princess bent down while drinking, suddenly three drops of blood fell from her chest and drifted away without her knowing. She was in deep trouble. The servant saw it and was very happy that she was now in control of the Princess. Because the Princess had lost the blood drops, she finally became weak and helpless. The servant seizes the Princess's horse, Falada, and wears the Princess's clothes, and the Princess is forced to swear on behalf of the heavens that she will not say anything to anyone in the palace, and if she breaks this oath, she will be killed. Nevertheless, Falada saw it all and was careful, as illustrated in the following quote: After the incident at the river, they continued their journey until they finally arrived at the royal palace. There was a great welcome upon their arrival, and the prince rushed to meet them, thinking that the servant was his empress. Then the old King looked out of the window and saw a beautiful girl standing in the courtyard, and observed how gentle and beautiful the girl was, and went straight to the palace. Not knowing the conflict that had occurred, that they had switched positions, the old King finally hired the Princess with a young man named Kürdchen to herd geese. Meanwhile, the servant asked the prince to behead Falada because she was afraid that the horse would say that she was disguised as the King's daughter. This is illustrated in the following quote:

Main Stage;
After successfully convincing the King that the loyal Falada must die, the princess' finally awarded of the news, and she secretly promised to pay the soldiers a gold bar if she put Falada's head under a large dark gate in the city, a place where she had to pass with the geese every morning and evening, so she can see her every time. Without the servant's knowledge, every morning, the Princess met Falada and said, "Oh, Falada, there you are hanging." Then the head of the Falada replied, "O, princess, if your mother finds out, her heart must be broken." Then they walked away from the city and herding their geese into the field. When they arrived at the meadow, she sat down and pulled down his golden hair. Kürdchen saw it and was very pleased, and wanted to pull out some of the hair. Then the Princess spoke so Kürdchen couldn't get a single strand. They watched the geese until evening and returned home. This point is clearly illustrated in the following quote:

Stages of Excitement;
The stage of excitement in this story is marked by the old King's attempt to reveal and prove who the real Princess is. Through the reports from Kürdchen regarding the Goose Girl, the old King ordered Kürdchen and the Princess to return to herding geese while He was secretly observing their activities. Then the King called the Princess and asked, why did she do all that, the King urged, but the Princess still did not answer. The old King got a brilliant idea to make the Princess admit who she really is, considering the reason that the Princess had conveyed that she would not say anything for she has sworn under the heaven. By conveying her sorrow in the furnace, unbeknownst to the Princess, the King had heard all the truth. The King then calls his son and reveals that the bride beside him is a fake bride who is actually just a servant, but the real bride is the goose girl standing in front of him. The prince felt very happy when he saw her beauty and virtue, as described in the following quote: The king held a big feast and invited everyone and his good friends. The groom sat on the side of the table accompanied by the Princess beside him, and on the other side sat the servant. The servant was amazed by the beauty and sparkle of the Princess's jewelry. After they had finished eating and drinking in a pleasant atmosphere, the king gave the servant a riddle. The king asked, "What is proper for a woman who has betrayed her master in an evil way?" The king then told the servant's crimes against the Princess then ended with a question, "What punishment is appropriate for that woman?" "She deserves to be undressed and locked up naked in a barrel that is locked with sharp nails on the inside. Two white horses were tied to the barrel and had to drag her through the streets until she died," replied the fake bride. "You are that woman!" the king pointed at the servant who had turned pale. "You announced your own punishment, and it is the punishment you deserve!" This situation can be seen in the following quote: Als sie nun gegessen und getrunken hatten und guten Muts waren, gab der alte König der Kammerfrau ein Rätsel auf, was eine solche wert wäre, die den Herrn so und so betrogen hätte, erzählte damit den ganzen Verlauf und fragte: »Welchen Urteils ist diese würdig?« Da sprach die falsche Braut: »Die ist nichts Besseres wert, als daß sie splitternackt ausgezogen und in ein Faß gesteckt wird, das inwendig mit spitzen Nägeln beschlagen ist; und zwei weiße Pferde müssen vorgespannt werden, die sie Gasse auf Gasse ab zu Tode schleifen.« »Das bist du«, sprach der alte König, »und hast dein eigen Urteil gefunden, und danach soll dir widerfahren.« The final situation; The Goose Girl fairy tale has a happy ending. This situation starts from the disclosure of the truth where the servant uses the identity of the Princess. Then, the old king trapped the servant by giving a riddle so that the servant was caught up in the crime she had committed herself and got the punishment according to her deeds. And in the end, when the punishment was carried out, the young king married his bride (the goose girl), then ruled the kingdom in peace and happiness. The ending of the fairy tale The Goose Girl can be seen in the following quote: Und als das Urteil vollzogen war, vermählte sich der junge König mit seiner rechten Gemahlin, und beide beherrschten ihr Reich in Frieden und Seligkeit. (Berková 1986)