Synthesis and Characterization of Citrate-Associated Calcium Materials from Blood Clam (Anadara granosa) Shells

  • Azmalaeni Rifkah Ansyarif Department of Chemistry, Syekh Yusuf Al Makassari University, Gowa, BTN Andi Tonro Permai Block A 22/5, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi
  • Andriani Usman Environmental Engineering Program, Syekh Yusuf Al Makassari University of Gowa, BTN Andi Tonro Permai Block A 22/5, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi
  • Andi Nuraeni Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sipatokkong Mambo University, Jl. Wahidin Sudirohusodo No. 75, Macanang, Tanete Riattang Barat Subdistrict, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi
  • Nur Zyalsabilah As Shahrah Department of Chemistry, Syekh Yusuf Al Makassari University, Gowa, BTN Andi Tonro Permai Block A 22/5, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/ijcr.2026.14-azm
Keywords: Anadara granosa, citric acid, FTIR, nano calcium chelated, SEM, particle size analyzer

Abstract

Blood clam shell waste is a source of biogenic calcium with the potential to be developed into calcium-based materials. This study synthesized nanocalcium using citrate as a coating agent from blood clam shells and evaluated its functional groups, morphology, and particle size distribution. The shells were cleaned, dried at 150 °C for 1 hour, ground, calcined at 1000 °C for 5 hours, hydrated, reacted with citric acid monohydrate at a 1:2 molar ratio via magnetic stirring and ultrasonication at 40 kHz for 30 minutes, aged for 24 hours, and then freeze-dried. FTIR analysis of calcium oxide (CaO) showed O–H bands at 3643.53–3383.14 cm⁻¹ and Ca–O vibrations at 553.57 and 397.34 cm⁻¹. After citrate treatment, C–H bands at 2918.30 and 2854.65 cm⁻¹ as well as carbonyl/carboxylate bands at 1743.65, 1707.00, 1587.42, 1431.18, and 1392.61 cm⁻¹ indicate the presence of citrate and its coordination with Ca2+. SEM revealed irregular micrometer-scale agglomerates and a rough surface. PSA yielded an average size of 56.08 nm, a peak at 53.25 nm, D10/D50/D90 values of 39.29/53.38/72.75 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.059.

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Published
2026-09-24
How to Cite
(1)
Ansyarif, A. R.; Usman, A.; Nuraeni, A.; Shahrah, N. Z. A. Synthesis and Characterization of Citrate-Associated Calcium Materials from Blood Clam (Anadara Granosa) Shells. Indo. J. Chem. Res. 2026, 14, 199-205.
Issue
Vol 14 No 2 (2026): Edition for September 2026
Section
Research articles

Copyright (c) 2026 Azmalaeni Rifkah Ansyarif, Andriani Usman, Andi Nuraeni, Nur Zyalsabilah As Shahrah

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