KERAGAMAN BOBOT BADAN, UKURAN-UKURAN TUBUH DAN JARAK GENETIK AYAM KAMPUNG DI KECAMATAN LEIHITU BARAT
VARIABILITY OF BODY WEIGHT, BODY SIZES, AND GENETIC DISTANCE OF NATIVE CHICKENS IN LEIHITU BARAT DISTRICT
Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman bobot badan dan ukuran tubuh, serta menganalisis jarak genetik ayam kampung di Kecamatan Leihitu Barat, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi dan pengukuran sampel 196 ekor ayam jantan dan betina dewasa dari lima desa yaitu Hatu, Liliboy, Allang, Wakasihu, dan Larike yang mewakili populasi ayam kampung. Variabel morfometrik yang diamati meliputi bobot badan, lingkar dada, panjang sayap, panjang paha, panjang betis, panjang shank, panjang jari ketiga, dan lebar pubis. Analisis statistik deskriptif digunakan untuk menghitung rata-rata, simpangan baku, dan koefisien keragaman, sementara analisis diskriminan kanonik untuk mengidentifikasi variabel morfometrik yang paling berpengaruh dalam membedakan subpopulasi ayam kampung menurut desa. Jarak genetik antar subpopulasi dihitung berdasarkan perbedaan karakter ukuran tubuh dan divisualisasikan dalam bentuk fenogram. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bobot badan dan ukuran-ukuran tubuh ayam kampung di Kecamatan Leihitu Barat memiliki tingkat keragaman yang tinggi antara satu desa dengan desa lainnya, dan ayam jantan memiliki nilai rata-rata yang lebih besar daripada ayam betina juga baik bobot badan maupun semua sifat ukuran tubuh yang diukur. Panjang jari ketiga merupakan ukuran tubuh yang paling berperan dalam membedakan subpopulasi ayam kampung. Berdasarkan jarak genetiknya, subpopulasi ayam kampung di Desa Larike dan Liliboy memiiki hubungan kekerabatan paling dekat, diikuti oleh Desa Hatu dan Allang yang juga dekat dan membentuk satu kelompok genetik yang homogen, dan Desa Wakasihu menunjukkan jarak genetik paling jauh, membentuk klaster tersendiri.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the diversity of body weight and body size, and analyze the genetic distance of native chickens in Leihitu Barat District, Central Maluku Regency. Data were collected through observation and measurement of samples of 196 adult male and female chickens from five villages, namely Hatu, Liliboy, Allang, Wakasihu, and Larike, which represent the native chicken population. The morphometric variables observed included body weight, chest circumference, wing length, thigh length, calf length, shank length, third toe length, and pubic width. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to calculate the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation, while canonical discriminant analysis was used to identify the most influential morphometric variables in differentiating native chicken subpopulations according to village. Genetic distance between subpopulations was calculated based on differences in body size characters and visualized in the form of a phenogram. The results of the study showed that the body weight and body measurements of native chickens in West Leihitu District still have a high level of diversity between one village and another, and roosters have a greater average value than hens also in all body size traits measured. The length of the third toe is the body measurements that play the most role in distinguishing the subpopulations of native chickens. Based on their genetic distance, the subpopulations of native chickens in Larike and Liliboy Villages have the closest kinship relationship, followed by Hatu and Allang Villages, which are also close and form a homogeneous genetic group, and Wakasihu Village shows the farthest genetic distance, forming its own cluster.
Downloads
References
Aedah, S., Djoefrie, M. B., & Suprayitno, G. (2016). Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi daya saing industri unggas ayam kampung (studi kasus PT Dwi dan Rachmat Farm, Bogor). MANAJEMEN IKM: Jurnal Manajemen Pengembangan Industri Kecil Menengah, 11(2), 173-182. http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jurnalmpi/
Al Farizi, M. S., Jan, R., Maskur, M., Rozi, T., & Muhsinin, M. (2024). Body Weight and Morphometric Characteristics of KUB Chicken at 60 Days of Age. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 24(3), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v24i3.7319
Asnawi, A., Ridwan, M., Nurlaelah, S., Amrawaty, A. A., Baba, S., & Kasim, K. (2023). Profile of the poultry system and the socio-economic impact of native chickens as a potential development area in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Animal Production Science, 63(17), 1791-1803. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN22406
Assan, N. (2015). Methodology and factors influencing the association of body weight, performance parameters with linear body measurements assessment in poultry. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 4(10), 200-210. https://doi.org/10.14196/sjpas.v4i10.1950
Astiti, N.A.G.R., Rasyid, I., Jalaluddin, Sa’ na, T., & Nurliani. (2023). Prospects for free-range chicken development in meeting market demand in South Sulawesi. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(4), 187-190. https://doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44i4.1717
Azis, A. R. A., Hamka, M. S., Bilyaro, W., & Dani, M. (2024). Optimalisasi Peluang Pertumbuhan: Analisis Strategis Pengembangan Usaha Peternakan Ayam Petelur di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong. Journal of Agriculture and Animal Science, 4(1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.47637/agrimals.v4i1.1215.
Azmizam, N., Saifullah, Teguh, M., Pratama, T., & Ramadan, F. (2025). Identification of Phenotypic Variation of Kampung Chicken in Kalemago Village, East Lore District, Poso Regency. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran, 25(1), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.24198/jit.v25i1.59551
Biscarini, F., Nicolazzi, E. L., Stella, A., Boettcher, P. J., & Gandini, G. (2015). Challenges and opportunities in genetic improvement of local livestock breeds. Frontiers in genetics, 6, 33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00033
Chebo, C., Melesse, A., & Betsha, S. (2024). Quantifying phenotypic variability of indigenous chickens using morphometric traits by applying multivariate analysis: Input for sustainable rural chicken farming. Heliyon, 10(21), e39850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39850
Damayanti, E. P., Zaharo, L., Julianti, H., & Basriwijaya, K. M. Z. (2025). Manajemen pemeliharaan ayam kampung di Kecamatan Perbaungan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai, Sumatera Utara. Botani: Publikasi Ilmu Tanaman dan Agribisnis, 2(1), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.62951/botani.v2i1.169
Depison, Gushairiyanto, & Irmaya, D. (2022). Characterization phenotype and genetic distance some of the native chicken strains in Jambi Province Indonesia. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 53(5), 1154-1166. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i5.1629
Edwin, T., Indrayani, I., Utami, Y., & Rastosari, A. (2023). Analisis hubungan faktor personal konsumen terhadap keputusan pembelian ayam kampung di Kota Padang. Wahana Peternakan, 7, 80-86. http://doi.org/10.37090/jwputb.v7i1.779
Eshimutu, U. A., & Omoniyi, E. G. (2023). Morphological evaluation of sexual dimorphism of indigenous breed of chicken in southwest. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 221-224. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.vi.4566
Falconer, D. S., & Mackay, T. F. C. (1996). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics (4th ed.). Longman
Francesch, A., Villalba, I., & Cartañà, M. (2011). Methodology for morphological characterization of chicken and its application to compare Penedesenca and Empordanesa breeds. Animal Genetic Resources/Resources génétiques animales/Recursos Genéticos Animales, 48, 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2078633610000950
Gelaye, G., Baye, M., Masho, W., Begna, R., & Admasu, Z. (2022). Morphometric traits and structural indices of indigenous cattle reared in Bench Sheko zone, southwestern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 8(8), e10188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10188
Jaimiri, A. M., Papilaya, B. J., & Rajab, R. (2023). Phenotype Characteristics of Kampung Chicken in Dullah Selatan District Tual Regency. Jurnal Agrosilvopasture-Tech, 2(1), 159-165. http://doi.org/10.30598/j.agrosilvopasture-tech.2023.2.1.159
Jannah, R., Junaedi, Khaeruddin, & Syamsuryadi, B. (2022). Comparison of the morphometric traits and body weight of pure Kampung chicken with Kampung-Bangkok crosses chicken. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 32(3), 363-372. http://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2022.032.03.07
Kassa, B., Taye, M., Esatu, W., Kebede, A., Girma, M., Kebede, F. G., ... & Dessie, T. (2025). Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates of body weight and egg production traits of Tilili chicken in Ethiopia. Animals, 15(18), 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15182656
Kpomasse, C. C., Kouame, Y. A. E., N’nanle, O., Houndonougbo, F. M., Tona, K., & Oke, O. E. (2023). The productivity and resilience of the indigenous chickens in the tropical environments: improvement and future perspectives. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 51(1), 456-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2023.2228374.
Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Tu, Y., Zou, J., Luo, K., Ji, G., ... & Shu, J. (2021). Population structure and genetic diversity of seven Chinese indigenous chicken populations in Guizhou Province. The Journal of Poultry Science, 58(4), 211-215. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0200060.
Maharani, D., Mustofa, F., Sari, A. P. Z., Fathoni, A., Sasongko, H., & Hariyono, D. N. H. (2021). Phenotypic characterization and principal component analyses of indigenous chicken breeds in Indonesia. Veterinary World, 14(6), 1665. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1665-1676
Malomane, D. K., Weigend, S., Schmitt, A. O., Weigend, A., Reimer, C., & Simianer, H. (2021). Genetic diversity in global chicken breeds in relation to their genetic distances to wild populations. Genetics Selection Evolution, 53(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-021-00628-z
Martin‐Collado, D., Byrne, T. J., Diaz, C., & Amer, P. R. (2018). Complexity of animal breeding choice making. Journal of animal breeding and genetics, 135(6), 395-409. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12360
Mogano, R. R., Mpofu, T. J., Mtileni, B., & Hadebe, K. (2025). South African indigenous chickens' genetic diversity, and the adoption of ecological niche modelling and landscape genomics as strategic conservation techniques. Poultry Science, 104(1), 104508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104508
Mtileni, B., Dzama, K., Nephawe, K., & Rhode, C. (2016). Estimates of effective population size and inbreeding in South African indigenous chicken populations: implications for the conservation of unique genetic resources. Tropical animal health and production, 48(5), 943-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1030-9
Muhsinin, M., Maskur, M., Jan, R., Rozi, T., Kasip, L. M., & Al Farizi, M. S. (2025). Identification of diversity and genetic distance of Indonesian local chicken strains based on myostatin gene. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 25(1), 18-25. http://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v25i1.8297
Mustofa, F., Fathoni, A., Sari, A. P. Z. N. L., Sasongko, H., & Maharani, D. (2021, June). Body weight and body size measurement of five Indonesian local chicken. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 788, No. 1, p. 012016). IOP Publishing. http://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/788/1/012016
Ojedapo LO, Amao SR, Ameen SA, Adedeji TA, Ogundipe RI, Ige AO. 2012 Prediction of body weight and other linear body measurement of two commercial layer strain chickens. Asian J of Anim Sci. 1-10.
Ouédraogo, R. W., Tindano, K., Traoré, F. G., Tapsoba, S. A. R., Sanou, M., Tamboura, H. H., ... & Traoré, A. (2023). Local Chickens Farming System Characteristics and Their Genetic Resources Management in Seno Province of Burkina Faso. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 46(4), 509-515. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2023.46.4.509
Rajab, R., Horhoruw, W. M., & Samal, F. F. (2022). Karakteristik morfobiometrik ayam kampung di Kecamatan Huamual berdasarkan jenis kelamin berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Industri Peternakan, 8(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.24252/jiip.v8i1.20380
Sah, R., & Yadav, R. K. (2020). Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Growth Performance of Indigenous Chicken Breeds in Nepal. Sustainability in Food and Agriculture (SFNA), 2(1), 21-24. https://doi.org/10.26480/sfna.01.2021.21.24
Sartika, T., Iskandar, S., & Trisnamurti, E. 2017. Sumberdaya Genetik Ayam Lokal Indonesia dan Prospek Pengembangannya. Jakarta: IAARD Press.
Sartika, T., Saputra, F., & Takahashi, H. (2023). Genetic diversity of eight native Indonesian chicken breeds on microsatellite markers. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 30(1), 122-130. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.30.1.122-130
Setiadi, A., Santoso, S. I., Nurfadillah, S., Prayoga, K., & Prasetyo, E. (2020). Production and marketing system of kampong chicken in Batang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Caraka Tani Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 35(2), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v35i2.40907
Singh, M. K., Kumar, S., Singh, S. K., Sharma, R. K., Prakash, A., Prasad, S., ... & Singh, D. N. (2023). Body weights and growth rates in indigenous chicken breeds of India. World's Poultry Science Journal, 79(4), 867-878. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2023.2239775
Sophian, A., Abinawanto, A., Nisa, U. C., & Fadhillah, F. (2021). Morphometric analysis of Gorontalo (Indonesia) native chickens from six different regions. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220420
Tribudi, Y. A., Nurgiartiningsih, V. M. A., Ulfah, M., Natsir, M. H., Maharani, D., Sari, A. P. Z. N. L., ... & Ibrahim, A. (2025). Phenotypic characterization of six Indonesian local chicken populations. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 11(1), 2523576. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2025.2523576
Tunca, R. I., & Taskin, A. (2016). A comparison of genetic variations among native and some local chicken populations in Turkey. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 50(5), 652-657. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.10278
Wang, J., Liu, J., Lei, Q., Liu, Z., Han, H., Zhang, S., ... & Zhou, Y. (2024). Elucidation of the genetic determination of body weight and size in Chinese local chicken breeds by large-scale genomic analyses. BMC genomics, 25(1), 296. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-024-10185-6
Winaya, A., Fahmiady, D. I., Suyatno, S., Malik, A., Mahmud, A., & Jaganathan, R. (2023). Morphometric Diversity and Genetic Relationship of" Bangkok" Chicken (Thai Game Fowl) in East Java, Indonesia. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.54319/jjbs/160203
Winaya, A., Suyatno, S., & Rizky, M. (2024). The genetic variation of Indonesian native chicken crossbred between Putih and Wareng chicken based on PRL gene exon 4. In BIO Web of Conferences (Vol. 143, p. 02002). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202414302002
Wiranata, M. A. (2024). Strategi pengembangan usaha peternakan ayam kampung Kabupaten Jember. Jurnal Sains Agribisnis, 4(1), 96-107. https://doi.org/10.55678/jsa.v4i1.1474
Yacouba, Z., Isidore, H., Michel, K., Isidore, G. B., Boureima, T., Vinsoun, M., ... & Joseph, N. A. (2022). Genetic diversity and population structure of local chicken ecotypes in Burkina Faso using microsatellite markers. Genes, 13(9), 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13091523
Zurahmah, N., & Anwarudin, O. (2021, September). Pengamatan pertumbuhan ayam kampung pada kondisi pemeliharaan intensif di Kabupaten Manokwari. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pembangunan Dan Pendidikan Vokasi Pertanian (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 211-217). https://doi.org/10.47687/snppvp.v2i1.190
