KECENDERUNGAN PERKEMBANGAN KOTA AMBON: DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN PESISIR TELUK AMBON DAN KERENTANANNYA TERHADAP BAHAYA TERKAIT DENGAN KENAIKAN MUKA LAUT
Ambon City Development Trends: Its impact on the quality of the coastal environment of Ambon Bay and its vulnerability to hazards associated with sea-level rise
Keywords:
coastal zone, coastal development, sea-level rise, Ambon Bay, Ambon City
Abstract
Ambon City, the capital of Maluku Province, is a coastal city where most of the land is the Ambon Bay coastal area. Along with the increase in population, Ambon City also continues to grow. Global sea-level rise is now likely to receive attention because of the impact it may have on coastal areas. By 2100, it is projected that sea levels will rise to 1.1 meters from the current sea level. As a coastal city, the trend of sea-level rise should be taken into account in the development of Ambon City. Visual analysis of the Ambon Bay satellite imagery from Google Earth and video recordings published on social media and the results of field observations of the Ambon Bay coastal area show that: (1) the coastal lowlands in the Ambon Bay coastal area have developed into densely populated built areas; (2) Ambon City is growing towards hilly areas; (3) along the coast of Ambon Bay, there are efforts to carry out reclamation and build coastal defense structures which are carried out personally by the coastal land authorities. This tendency has implications for (1) the decline in the environmental quality of the coastal area of Ambon Bay in several locations; and (2) increasing the level of vulnerability of coastal areas to hazards that may arise due to sea-level rise along the coast of Ambon Bay if the sea level rise scenario above actually occurs
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References
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Thieblemont, R., Cozanne, C.L., Toimil, A., Meyssignac, B. & Losda, I.J. (2019) Likely and high-end impacts of regional sea-level rise on the shoreline change of European sandy coast under a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario. Water 11, 2067, doi://doi.org/w11122607
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Barkey, R.A., Mappiasse, M.F. & Nursaputra, M. (2017) Model of climate and land-use changes impacts on water security in Ambon City, Indonesia. Geoplanning 4(1), 97-108, doi:10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.97-108
Blackburn, S., Pelling, M. & Marques, C. (2019) Chapter 38 – Megacities and the Coast: Global context and scope for transformation. Coast and Esturies, 661-669, https://doi.org/B978-0-12-814003-1.00038-1
Cristiano, S.C., Portz, L.C., Anfuso, G., Rockett, G.C. & Barboza, E.G. (2018) Coastal scenic evaluation at Santa Catarina (Brazil): Implication for coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Management 160, 146-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.04.004
Daramola, J. Adepehin, E.J., Ekhwan, T.M., Choy, L.K., Mokhtar, J. & Tabiti, T.S. (2022) Impacts of land-use change, associated land-use area and runoff on watershed sediment yield: Implications from the Kaduna watershed [CC BY 4.0 License]. Water 14, 325, https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030325
Edinger, E.N., Kolasa, J. & Risk, M.J. (2000) Biogeographic variation in coral species diversity on coral reefs in three regions of Indonesia. Diversity and Distribution 6, 113-127, doi:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00076.x, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2673326
Ellison, J.C. (2018) Effects of climate change on mangrove relevant to the Pacific Islands. Pacific Marine Climate Change Report Card. Science 2018, 99-111. Retrieved 08 April 2022 from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/714532/7_Mangroves.pdf
Ergin, A., Karaesmen, E. & Ucar, B. (2011) A quantitative study for evaluation of coastal scenery. Journal of Coastal Research 27(6), 1065-1075, doi:10.2112/jcoastres-D-09-00093.1
Ergin, A., Williams, A.T. & Micallef, A. (2006) Coastal scenery: Appreciation and evaluation. Journal of Coastal Research 22(4), 958-964, doi:10.2112/04-0351.1
Gillespie, P. (2007) Potential Effects of High Sediment Loads on the Marine Environment of the East Coast of the North Island, East Cape – Hawke Bay: A Review of Existing Information. Cawthron Report No. 1389. Prepared for Gisborn District Council, 3 p. Retrieved 01 April 2022 from https://envirolink.govt.nz/assets/Envirolink/334-GSDC45-Sediment-effects-on-marine-environment-E-Coast-NI.pdf
Griggs, G. & Reguero, B.G. (2021) Coastal adaptation to climate change and sea-level rise [CC BY 4.0 License]. Water 13, 2151, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162151
Hasnawir, Kubota, T. & Sanchez-Castillo, L. (2014) Rainfall thresholds for sediment related disasters in Ambon City, Indonesia. Retrieved 08 December 2021 from http://www.interpraevent.at/palm-cms/upload_files/Publikationen/Tagungsbeitraege/2014_1_205.pdf
Irawan, A. & Prayudha, B. (2020) Changes in the Ambon Bay seagrass for the past five years (2011-2016). IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 618, 012025, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/618/1/012025
Kakisina, T.J., Anggoro, S., Hartoko, A. & Suripin (2015) analysis of impact of land-use on the degradation of coastal area at Ambon Bay – Mollucas Province, Indonesia [CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 License]. Procedia Environmental Sciences 23, 266-273, doi://10.1016/j.proenv.2015.01.040
Koroglu, A., Ranasinghe, R., Jimenez, J.A. & Dastgheib, A. (2019) Comparison of Coastal Vulnerability Index applicaions for Barcelona Province [BB BY-NC-ND 4.0 License]. Ocean and Coastal Management 178, 104799, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.05.001
Ku, H., Kum, T. & Song, Y. (2021) Coastal vulnerability assessment of sea-level rise associated with typhoon-induced surges in South Korea. Ocean and Coastal Management 213, 105884, https://doi.org/j.ocecoaman.2012.105884
Lovelock, C.E., Cahoon, D.R., Friess, D.A., Guntenspergen, G.R., Krauss, K.W., Reef, R., Rogers, K., Saunders, M.L., Sidik, F., Swales, A., Saintilan, N., Thuyen, L.X. &Triet, T. (2015) The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. Nature 526, 559-563, doi:10.1038/nature15538. Retrieved 07 April 2022 from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1995&context=usgsstaffpub
Oelsner, G.P. & Stets, E.G. (2019) Recent trends in nutrient and sediment loading to coastal areas of the conterminous U.S.: Insight and global context [CC BY 4.0 License]. Science of the Total Environment 654, 1225-1240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.437
Oppenheimer, M., Glavovic, B.C., Hinkel, J., Van de Wal, R., Magnan, A.K., Abd-Elgawad, A., Cai, R., Cifuentes-Jara, M., DeConto, R.M., Ghosh, T., Hay, J., Isla, F., Marzeion, B., Meyssignac, B. & Sebesvari, Z. (2019) Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities. In: H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.). IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. In press. Rerieved 04 January 2022 from https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/08_SROCC_Ch04_FINAL.pdf
Otano-Cruz, A., Montanez-Acuna, A., Torres-Lopez, V., Hernandez-Figueroa, E.M. & Hernandez-Delgado, E.A. (2017) Effects of changing weather, oceanographic conditions, and land uses on spatio-temporal variation of sedimentation dynamic along near-shore coral reefs [Open Access]. Frontiers in Marine Science, https://doi.org/fmars.2017.00249
Patil, N. S. & Nataraja, M. (2020) Effect of land use land cover changes on runoff using hydrological model: A case study in Hiranyakeshi watershed. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00808-8
Pelling, M. & Blackburn, S. (2012) Megacities and the Coast: Risk, Resilience and Transformation [Scientific Highlights]. Inprint, 13. Retrieved 01 Apr 2022 from https://www.academia.edu/5082270/Megacities_and_the_Coast_Highlights
Rahmawan, G.A., Gemilang, W.A., Wisha, U.J., Dhiauddin, R. & Ondara, K. (2019) Estimation of sediment distribution based on bathymetry alteration (2014-2016) in the Inner Bay of Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia. Jurnal Segara 15(2), 67-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/segara.v15i2.6958
Rangel-Buitrago, N., Correa, I.D., Anfuso, G., Ergin, A. & Wiliams, A.T. (2013) Assessing and managing scenery of the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Tourism Management 35, 41-58, doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.05.008
Rocha, C., Antunes, C. & Catita, C. (2020) Coastal vulnerability assessment due to sea level rise: The case study of the Atlantic coast of mainland Portugal [Open Access]. Water 12, 360, doi:10.3390/w12020360
Rogers, C.S. & Ramos-Scharron, .E. (2022) Assessing effects of sediment delivery to coral reefs: A Carribean watershed perspective [Open Access]. Frontiers in Marine Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.773968
Saintilan, N., Khan, N.S., Ashe, E., Kelleway, J.J., Rogers, K., Woodroffe, C.D. & Horton, B.P. (2020) Thresholds of mangrove survival under rapid sea level rise. Science 368(6495), 1118-1121, doi: 10.1126/science.aba.2656
Saiya, H.G., Dibyosaputro, S. & Herumurti, S. (2014) The depositional influence in regard of environment carrying capacity in waters at Inner Ambon Bay to floating net cage propagate. In Proceeding the 6th International Graduate Students and Scholars’ Conference (IGSSC) in Indonesia (pp. 685-707), the Graduate School of Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, November 19th-20th, 2014.
Suyadi (2009) Kondisi hutan mangrove di Teluk Ambon: Prospek dan tantangan. Berita Biologi 9(5), 481-490.
Suyadi (2012) Sau dekade kondisi hutan mangrove di Teluk Ambon, Maluku. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 8(1), 197-203.
Thieblemont, R., Cozanne, C.L., Toimil, A., Meyssignac, B. & Losda, I.J. (2019) Likely and high-end impacts of regional sea-level rise on the shoreline change of European sandy coast under a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario. Water 11, 2067, doi://doi.org/w11122607
UNEP [UN Environment Programme] (n.d.) Sedimentation and Erosion. Retrieved 02 April 2022 from https://www.unep.org/cep/es/node/154?%2Fsedimentation-and-erosion
Woodroffe, C.D., Rogers, K., McKee, K.L., Lovelock, C.E., Mendelsshon, I.A. & Saintilan, N. (2016) Mangrove sedimentation and response to relatif sea-level rise. Annu. Rev. Marine Sci, 20168, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-034025
WOR [World Ocean Review] (2017) 5 Coast – A Vital Habitat Under Pressure. Maribus gGmbH, Hamburg, 207 p. Retrieved 02 April 2022 from https://worldoceanreview.com/wp-content/downloads/wor5/WOR5_en.pdf
Wouthuyzen, S. (2001) Sifat optic Teluk Ambon dan kaitannya dengan masalah lingkungan. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 33, 15-26.
Published
2022-11-04
How to Cite
Setyawan, W., Barends, W., Ainarwowan, A., & Polnaya, D. (2022). KECENDERUNGAN PERKEMBANGAN KOTA AMBON: DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN PESISIR TELUK AMBON DAN KERENTANANNYA TERHADAP BAHAYA TERKAIT DENGAN KENAIKAN MUKA LAUT. Pattimura Proceeding: Conference of Science and Technology, 2(2), 50-62. Retrieved from https://ojs3.unpatti.ac.id/index.php/pcst/article/view/7368
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