Development of A Learning Performance Assessment Framework for Phase A Students Aged 6-7 Years in Elementary Education
Abstract
Assessing learning performance in Phase A students (6–7 years old) is crucial for promoting their cognitive, socio-emotional, and psychomotor development during this foundational stage of education. However, existing assessment frameworks often fail to address the holistic and developmental needs of this age group. This study aims to develop a comprehensive learning performance assessment framework tailored to Phase A students in elementary education. The framework was created through a systematic process involving a review of existing literature, expert judgment, and field testing in elementary schools. Its dimensions encompass cognitive skills, socio-emotional competencies, psychomotor skills, and creativity. Validation procedures included statistical analysis and expert panel reviews to ensure the framework’s reliability and applicability in diverse educational settings. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively addresses existing gaps in assessment practices, providing educators with a robust tool to support holistic student development. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating multiple developmental dimensions into learning assessments and offer practical recommendations for classroom implementation. This study contributes to advancing educational assessment practices by advocating for tools aligned with the developmental characteristics of young learners. Future research should focus on longitudinal applications of the framework and its adaptability across various cultural and educational contexts.
Downloads
References
Ackah-Jnr, F. R. (2018). System And School-Level Resources For Transforming And Optimising Inclusive Education In Early Childhood Settings: What Ghana Can Learn. European Journal of Education Studies, 5(6), 203–221. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1494880
Alam, M., Hickie, I. B., Poulsen, A., Ekambareshwar, M., Loblay, V., Crouse, J., Hindmarsh, G., Song, Y. J. C., Yoon, A., Cha, G., Wilson, C., Sweeney-Nash, M., Troy, J., & Lamonica, H. M. (2023). Parenting app to support socio-emotional and cognitive development in early childhood: Iterative codesign learnings from nine low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Open, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071232
Arnott, L. (2018). Children’s negotiation tactics and socio-emotional self-regulation in child-led play experiences: the influence of the preschool pedagogic culture. Early Child Development and Care, 188(7), 951–965. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1443919
Aurino, E., Gelli, A., Adamba, C., Osei-Akoto, I., & Alderman, H. (2023). Food for Thought? Experimental Evidence on the Learning Impacts of a Large-Scale School Feeding Program. Journal of Human Resources, 58(1), 74–111. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.58.3.1019-10515R1
Babaii, E., Taghaddomi, S., & Pashmforoosh, R. (2016). Speaking self-assessment: Mismatches between learners’ and teachers’ criteria. Language Testing, 33(3), 411–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532215590847
Babakr, Z. H., Mohamedamin, P., & Kakamad, K. (2019). Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory: Critical Review. Education Quarterly Reviews, 2(3), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.02.03.84
Brou, A. M., Djalega, F. A., Tokpa, V., Seri, E. C. G., Anoua, A. L. F., & Robinson, J. A. (2023). Urban–rural differences in the relationship between stunting, preschool attendance, home learning support, and school readiness: A study in Côte d’Ivoire. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1035488
Brown, A., & Green, T. (2015). Issues and Trends in Instructional Technology: Leveraging Budgets to Provide Increased Access to Digital Content and Learning Opportunities. In: Orey M., Branch R. Educational Media and Technology Yearbook, Springer, Cham, 39, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14188-6_2
Catalano, H., Albulescu, I., Stan, C., Mestic, G., & Ani-Rus, A. (2023). Child-Centered Approach through Slow Education Principles: A View to Child Personality Development in Early Childhood. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118611
Chen, Z., & Liu, Y. (2019). The different style of lifelong learning in China and the USA based on influencing motivations and factors. International Journal of Educational Research, 95(November 2018), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.03.005
Coelho, V., Cadima, J., Pinto, A. I., & Guimarães, C. (2019). Self-Regulation, Engagement, and Developmental Functioning in Preschool-Aged Children. Journal of Early Intervention, 41(2), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815118810238
Cuartas, J. (2021). The Effect of Maternal Education on Parenting and Early Childhood Development: An Instrumental Variables Approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 36. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000886
Drew, C. (2019). Re-examining cognitive tools: New developments, new perspectives, and new opportunities for educational technology research. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(2), i–v. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5389
Duarte, A., Martins, S., Augusto, C., Silva, M. J., Lopes, L., Santos, R., & Rosário, R. (2023). The impact of a health promotion program on toddlers´ socio-emotional development: a cluster randomized study. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2886484/v1
Elicker, J., & Benson, M. (2018). Developmentally appropriate. Young Children, 3, 1–32.
Fjørtoft, H. (2020). Multimodal digital classroom assessments. Computers and Education, 152(September 2019), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103892
Henri, M., Johnson, M. D., & Nepal, B. (2017). A Review of Competency‐Based Learning: Tools, Assessments, and Recommendations. Journal of Engineering Education, 106(4), 607–638. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20180
Kai Jian, C., & Syahtia Pane, W. (2020). Teacher’s Challenges in Teaching English to Young Learner using Montessori Method. Borneo Educational Journal (Borju), 2(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.24903/bej.v2i1.621
Kucirkova, N., & Kamola, M. (2022). Children’s stories and multisensory engagement: Insights from a cultural probes study. International Journal of Educational Research, 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101995
Lee, R., Jordan, P., & Sumrall, T. (2023). Preschool Teachers’ Sensitivity to Early Literacy Milestones in Play. HS Dialog, 26(2).
Mpofu, N., & Maphalala, M. C. (2018). A comprehensive model for assessing student teachers’ professional competence through an integrated curriculum approach. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v14i2.486
Murray, L., Jennings, S., Mortimer, A., Prout, A., Melhuish, E., Hughes, C., Duncan, J., Holmes, J., Dishington, C., & Cooper, P. J. (2018). The impact of early-years provision in Children’s Centres (EPICC) on child cognitive and socio-emotional development: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2700-x
Nachbauer, M., & Kyriakides, L. (2020). A review and evaluation of approaches to measure equity in educational outcomes. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 31(1), 306–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2019.1672757
Ndabezitha, L. B., & Gravett, S. (2024). Guided play as a pedagogical tool for the early grades. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v14i1.1345
Nicholas, J. (2020). Cognitive Assessment of Children Who Are Deafblind: Perspectives and Suggestions for Assessments. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(September). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571358
O’Hare, K., Watkeys, O., Badcock, J. C., Laurens, K. R., Tzoumakis, S., Dean, K., Harris, F., Carr, V. J., & Green, M. J. (2023). Pathways from developmental vulnerabilities in early childhood to schizotypy in middle childhood. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12405
Papageorgiou, E., Christou, C., Spanoudis, G., & Demetriou, A. (2016). Augmenting intelligence: Developmental limits to learning-based cognitive change. Intelligence, 56, 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2016.02.005
Phillips, A., & Boyd, W. (2023). Characteristics of high-quality early childhood education and care: a study from Australia. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1155095
Punhagui, G. C., & De Souza, N. A. (2013). Self-regulation in the learning process: Actions through self-assessment activities with brazilian students. International Education Studies, 6(10), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n10p47
Ridhwan, M., Yeni, M., & Husna, A. I. (2022). Teachers’ Challenges in Teaching English for Young Learners during Indonesia’s School-Based Curriculum. Asatiza: Jurnal Pendidikan, 3, 172–179. https://doi.org/10.46963/asatiz
Rokhayani, A. (2017). The 2 nd TEYLIN International Conference Proceedings Promoting Total Physical Response (TPR) For Young Learners In English Class.
Romero-Tena, R., Barragán-Sánchez, R., Gutiérrez-Castillo, J. J., & Palacios-Rodríguez, A. (2024). Analysis of teaching digital competence in early childhood education. Profile and identification of influencing factors. Bordon. Revista de Pedagogia, 76(2), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2024.100427
Skoufias, E., & Vinha, K. (2021). Child stature, maternal education, and early childhood development in Nigeria. PLoS ONE, 16(12 December). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260937
Voicu, C. D. (2018). The particularities of teacher-child relationship that supports socio-emotional development of preschool children. International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on the Dialogue between Sciences & Arts, Religion & Education, 275–280. https://doi.org/10.26520/mcdsare.2018.2.
Wan, Z. H., Jiang, Y., & Zhan, Y. (2021). STEM Education in Early Childhood: A Review of Empirical Studies. Early Education and Development, 32(7), 940–962. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1814986
Weisberg, D. S., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R. M., Kittredge, A. K., & Klahr, D. (2016). Guided Play: Principles and Practices. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(3), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416645512
Yelland, N. J., & Wai Man Vivienne, L. (2018). Policy into practice in Hong Kong pre-primary kindergartens: the impact of a reform agenda viewing early childhood as the foundation for lifelong learning. Early Years, 38(1), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2016.1234433
Yu, Z., Gao, M., & Wang, L. (2020). The Effect of Educational Games on Learning Outcomes , Student Motivation , Engagement and Satisfaction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 0(0), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633120969214
Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (2015). Handbook of Self-Regulation of Learning and Performance. Handbook of Self-Regulation of Learning and Performance, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203839010.ch3
Copyright (c) 2024 Nurjannah Nurjannah, Eriva Syamsiatin, Jarudin Jarudin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.