The Moderating Role of Social Identity in the Relationship Between Critical Consciousness and Gender Role Attitude Among University Students
Abstract
Gender inequality remains a serious global issue, characterized by persistent stereotypes and discrimination, such as gender-based role inequality in various aspects of life. This study examines the relationship between critical awareness and attitudes toward gender roles among university students. Specifically, this study examines social identity (national identity) as a moderator variable in the relationship between critical awareness and attitudes toward gender roles, while also addressing the lack of attention to the potential role of national identity in this relationship within the Indonesian context. A non-experimental quantitative approach was used, with a correlational research method and a survey design involving a sample of 165 students aged 18–28. The analysis used was moderation regression using the Hayes PROCESS Macro (Model 1). The regression model as a whole is statistically significant and explains 5.2% of the variance in attitudes toward gender roles. National identity shows a significant negative relationship with attitudes toward traditional gender roles, whereas critical awareness and the interaction between critical awareness and national identity are not statistically significant. Thus, the hypothesis regarding the moderating role of national identity is not supported. These findings indicate that national identity is associated with attitudes toward gender roles in the sample studied, although the model has limited explanatory power. This study contributes to research on critical awareness and attitudes toward gender by empirically examining national identity.
Downloads
References
Aarntzen, L., Derks, B., van Steenbergen, E., & van der Lippe, T. (2023). When work–family guilt becomes a women’s issue: Internalized gender stereotypes predict high guilt in working mothers but low guilt in working fathers. British Journal of Social Psychology, 62(1), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12575
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191.
Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354–364. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.88.4.354
Brown, M. J., & Gladstone, N. (2012). Development of a Short Version of the Gender Role Beliefs Scale. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(5), 154–158. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20120205.05
Burson, E., Godfrey, E. B., Ibrahim, D. A., Yoshikawa, H., Calzo, J. P., & Poteat, P. (2024). Queering critical consciousness: Measurement and implications of critical consciousness among sexual and gender minority youth. Research in Human Development, 21(4), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2024.2412426.Queering
Chan, R. C. H., & Mak, W. W. S. (2020). Liberating and Empowering Effects of Critical Reflection on Collective Action in LGBT and Cisgender Heterosexual Individuals. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12350
Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(10), 1171–1188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200262001
Diemer, M. A., Rapa, L. J., Park, C. J., & Perry, J. C. (2017). Development and Validation of the Critical Consciousness Scale. Youth and Society, 49(4), 461–483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X14538289
Diemer, M. A., Rapa, L. J., Voight, A. M., & McWhirter, E. H. (2016). Critical Consciousness: A Developmental Approach to Addressing Marginalization and Oppression. Child Development Perspectives, 10(4), 216–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12193
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. In In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds). Handbook of theories of social psychologyHandbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 458–476). Sage Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n49
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. In Continuum (Vol. 72). New York: Continuum.
Krosnick, J., & Telhami, S. (1995). Public attitudes toward Israel: A study of the attentive and issue publics. International Studies Quarterly, 39, 535–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537129608719396
Labouvie-Vief, G. (2006). Emerging Structures of Adult Thought. In In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 59–84). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/11381-003
Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2014). Nations Versus Religions: Which Has a Stronger Effect on Societal Values? Management International Review, 54(6), 741–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-014-0205-8
Moordiningsih, M., Rahardjo, W., Ruhaena, L., Uyun, Z., & Supartini, N. (2021). Indonesian National Identity Model: the Importance of Religion, Self-Esteem, and Relations Between Groups Among Muhammadiyah Students. Jurnal Psikologi Integratif, 9(2), 150–174. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpsi.v9i2.2236
Papalia, D. E., & Martorell, G. (2024). Experience Human Development (15th ed., Vol. 2). McGrow Hill.
Pinedo, A., Diemer, M. A., & Frisby, M. B. (2024). Critical Consciousness and Youth Political Activism. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 6(1), 351–372. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-010923-113449
Sharma, R., Singh, N. K., & Malik, P. (2025). Measurement of Gender Role Attitudes in Cross-Cultural Youth Populations. TPM – Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 32(S1), 910–915. https://doi.org/tpmap.org
Soleman, D. (2023). Pancasila, Kesetaraan Gender, dan Perempuan Indonesia. Pancasila: Jurnal Keindonesiaan, 3(2), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.52738/pjk.v3i2.179
Sulaiman, A., Mashuri, M. F., Sungkono, S. L. L., Zahrah, A., & Royhana, S. F. (2022). Mengukur kesadaran kritis: Konstruksi skala socio-political awareness for indonesian. Cognicia, 10(2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.22219/cognicia.v10i2.20159
Suwartono, C., & Moningka, C. (2017). Pengujian Validitas dan Reliabilitas Skala Identitas Sosial. Humanitas, 14(2), 176–188.
Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. Academic Press.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In In W. G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. (pp. 33–37). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Thomas, J. J., & Newell, E. E. (2023). What Motivates Action for Gender Equality Among Emerging Adult Women? The Importance of Critical Reflection, Efficacy, and Feminist Identity. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 184(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2022.2115337
Utomo, A. J. (2012). Women as Secondary Earners: Gendered Preferences on Marriage and Employment of University Students in Modern Indonesia. Asian Population Studies, 8(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2012.646841
Utomo, A. J. (2016). Gender in the Midst of Reforms : Attitudes to Work and Family Roles among University Students in Urban Indonesia Gender in the Midst of Reforms : Attitudes to Work and Family Roles among University Students in Urban Indonesia. Marriage & Family Review, 52(5), 421–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2015.1113224
Wang, Q., Chiang, T. F., & Xiao, J. J. (2024). Attitude toward gender inequality in China. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02857-1
Watts, R. J., Diemer, M. A., & Voight, A. M. (2011). Critical Consciousness: Current Status and Future Directions. New Direction for Child Adolescent Development, 134, 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd
Wieringa, S. E. (2003). The birth of the new order state in Indonesia: Sexual politics and nationalism. Journal of Women’s History, 15(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2003.0039
Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843
World Economic Forum. (2024). Global Gender Gap 2024. In World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/publications/ gender-gap-report-2024/
Copyright (c) 2026 Kamalia Kamalia, Yani Fathur Rohman, Arbania Fitriani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
