Partisipasi Perempuan dalam Politik: Antara Representasi dan Kebijakan di Kota Ambon
Abstract
Women’s participation in politics is a critical issue in democratic discourse, particularly in the context of representation and policy. This article aims to analyze the feminization process occurring in ten political parties in Ambon City during Indonesia’s reform era. Using a qualitative approach, this study collects data from interviews, party statutes and bylaws (AD/ART), as well as documents from the Special Committee on the 2017 Election Bill (RUU Pemilu). The findings indicate that the feminization of political parties in Indonesia can be categorized into two forms: responsive and co-optive feminization. The level of feminization within political parties is influenced by three key factors: the number of women in party structures, the implementation of gender quota regulations, and the party’s response to pro-women policies. This study finds that feminization within political parties in Ambon City remains limited, with a strong tendency towards representation but a negative response in terms of policy. Consequently, the feminization that occurs is more symbolic than a substantive transformation in policy-making. These findings contribute to the study of political feminization by highlighting local dynamics within the Indonesian political context, particularly in archipelagic regions. This research recommends the need for more progressive internal party policy reforms to ensure that women’s increased involvement extends beyond structural representation to meaningful participation in political decision-making with broader impacts.
Downloads
References
Akter, M. (2020). Women’s Political Participation in Bangladesh Parliament : a Case Study Analysis of Women’s Substantive Representation. In Politische Teilhabe von Frauen im bangladeschischen Parlament : eine Fallstudien analyse zur inhaltlichen Vertretung von Frauen (p. 53). Universität Bremen.
Allen, P., & Childs, S. (2019). The Grit in the Oyster? Women’s Parliamentary Organizations and the Substantive Representation of Women. Political Studies, 67(3), 618–638. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321718793080
Arnesen, S., & Peters, Y. (2018). The Legitimacy of Representation: How Descriptive, Formal, and Responsiveness Representation Affect the Acceptability of Political Decisions. Comparative Political Studies, 51(7), 868–899. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017720702
Arora‐Jonsson, S., & Sijapati, B. B. (2018). Disciplining Gender in Environmental Organizations: The Texts and Practices of Gender Mainstreaming. Gender, Work & Organization, 25(3), 309–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12195
Aspinall, E., White, S., & Savirani, A. (2021). Women’s Political Representation in Indonesia: Who Wins and How? Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103421989720
Bucior, C., & Sica, A. (2019). Sociology as a Female Preserve: Feminization and Redirection in Sociological Education and Research. The American Sociologist, 50(1), 3–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-018-9395-z
Choi, N. (2019). Women’s political pathways in Southeast Asia. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 21(2), 224–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2018.1523683
Collins, P. H. (2019). The Difference That Power Makes: Intersectionality and Participatory Democracy BT - The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy (O. Hankivsky & J. S. Jordan-Zachery (eds.); pp. 167–192). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_7
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5 (ed.)). Sage Publications.
De Vries, C. E., Hobolt, S. B., & Walter, S. (2021). Politicizing International Cooperation: The Mass Public, Political Entrepreneurs, and Political Opportunity Structures. International Organization, 75(2), 306–332. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S0020818320000491
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2018). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (5th ed.). Sage Book.
Dewanto, P. A. (2020). The Domestication of Protection: The State and Civil Society in Indonesia’s Overseas Labour Migration. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 176(4), 504–531. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-bja10018
Dzuhayatin, S. R. (2020). Gender Glass Ceiling in Indonesia: Manifestation, Roots, and Theological Breakthrough. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 58(1), 209–240. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2020.581.209-240
Ekoto, C., Zubkov, P., & Asok, G. (2022). Qualitative data collection. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in the Asian Context, 345–363.
Engeli, I., & Mazur, A. (2018). Taking implementation seriously in assessing success: the politics of gender equality policy. European Journal of Politics and Gender, 1(1–2), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1332/251510818X15282097548558
Forman-Rabinovici, A., & Sommer, U. (2019). Can the descriptive-substantive link survive beyond democracy? The policy impact of women representatives. Democratization, 26(8), 1513–1533. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1661993
Henglin, M., Claggett, B. L., Antonelli, J., Alotaibi, M., Magalang, G. A., Watrous, J. D., Lagerborg, K. A., Ovsak, G., Musso, G., Demler, O. V., Vasan, R. S., Larson, M. G., Jain, M., & Cheng, S. (2022). Quantitative Comparison of Statistical Methods for Analyzing Human Metabolomics Data. Metabolites, 12(6), 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12060519
Hillman, B. (2018). The Limits of Gender Quotas: Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 48(2), 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2017.1368092
Hu, H., Dou, B., & Wang, A. (2019). Corporate Social Responsibility Information Disclosure and Corporate Fraud—“Risk Reduction” Effect or “Window Dressing” Effect? Sustainability, 11(4), 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041141
Indarti, N., Rostiani, R., Megaw, T., & Willetts, J. (2019). Women’s involvement in economic opportunities in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Indonesia: Examining personal experiences and potential for empowerment. Development Studies Research, 6(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2019.1604149
Izzati, F. F. (2019). The Problem of “Women’s Work” and the Idea of Work Democratization for the Liberating Empowerment of Women. Jurnal Perempuan, 24(2), 141. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v24i2.319
Jandevi, U. (2019). Communication strategy to improve women’s political participation in Indonesia. International Journal of Communication and Society, 1(2), 68–81. https://doi.org/10.31763/ijcs.v1i2.46
Junk, W. M., Romeijn, J., & Rasmussen, A. (2021). Is this a men’s world? On the need to study descriptive representation of women in lobbying and policy advocacy. Journal of European Public Policy, 28(6), 943–957. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1767179
Kurniawan, H., & Astuti, K. (2021). Perception of School Climate and Masculinity on Bullying Behavior. Psycho Holistic, 3(2), 45–50.
Lindqvist, A., Sendén, M. G., & Renström, E. A. (2021). What is gender, anyway: a review of the options for operationalising gender. Psychology & Sexuality, 12(4), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1729844
Martin, D. J. (2019). Playing the Women’s Card: How Women Respond to Female Candidates’ Descriptive Versus Substantive Representation. American Politics Research, 47(3), 549–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X18776622
Mlambo, C., & Kapingura, F. (2019). Factors influencing women political participation: The case of the SADC region. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1), 1681048. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1681048
Morgenroth, T., & Ryan, M. K. (2018). Quotas and affirmative action: Understanding group‐based outcomes and attitudes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12374
Newman, J., Patmisari, E., & Widianingsih, I. (2022). Policy analytical capacity and “Eastern” styles of policy analysis: evidence from West Java Province, Indonesia. Policy Sciences, 55(3), 469–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-022-09470-6
Okedele, A. (2021). Women, Quotas, and Affirmative Action Policies in Africa. In O. Yacob-Haliso & T. Falola (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of African Women’s Studies (pp. 449–463). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28099-4_80
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice (4th (ed.)). SAGE Publications.
Perdana, A., & Hillman, B. (2020). Quotas and ballots: The impact of positive action policies on women’s representation in Indonesia. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 7(2), 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.299
Piscopo, J. M. (2019). The limits of leaning in: ambition, recruitment, and candidate training in comparative perspective. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 7(4), 817–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2018.1532917
Prajuli, W. A., Yustikaningrum, R. V., & Amurwanti, D. N. (2021). How gender socialization is improving women’s representation in Indonesia’s Foreign affairs: breaking the ceiling. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 75(5), 527–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2021.1893653
Prihatini, E. S. (2019). Women’s views and experiences of accessing National Parliament: Evidence from Indonesia. Women’s Studies International Forum, 74, 84–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.03.001
Prihatini, E. S. (2020). Islam, Parties, and Women’s Political Nomination in Indonesia. Politics & Gender, 16(3), 637–659. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X19000321
Sallatu, A. M., Rahmadani, N., Agussalim, N., & Boangmanalu, A. G. (2019). Ensuring the Women’s Political Agenda: A Study of Women Members of Parliament in Nine Regencies/Cities in Eastern Indonesia. Jurnal Perempuan, 24(2), 125. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v24i2.320
Tailor, Z. (2022). Hegemonic Neoliberalism & Democracy: A Postmodern (neo) Marxist Approach to Democratic Amelioration.
Wardani, S. B. E., & Subekti, V. S. (2021). Political Dynasties and Women Candidates in Indonesia’s 2019 Election. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(1), 28–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103421991144
Wojciechowska, M. (2019). Towards Intersectional Democratic Innovations. Political Studies, 67(4), 895–911. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321718814165
Yarram, S. R., & Adapa, S. (2021). Board gender diversity and corporate social responsibility: Is there a case for critical mass? Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123319
Copyright (c) 2024 Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
n is distributed under 