DINAMIKA TROFIK DAN RESPONS JARINGAN MAKANAN BERBASIS PLANKTON TERHADAP PENGAYAAN NUTRIEN DI SELURUH EKOSISTEM PERAIRAN: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS MENGGUNAKAN PRISMA
Abstract
Eutrophication is a phenomenon characterized by increased nutrient levels that has far-reaching impacts on the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems, particularly through changes in trophic dynamics and plankton-based food webs. Although various studies have examined plankton responses to nutrient enrichment, most remain fragmented and have not yet integrated cross-ecosystem comparisons. Therefore, this study aims to analyze trophic dynamics and plankton-based food web structure in response to eutrophication, compare response patterns across marine, coastal, and estuarine ecosystems, and identify existing research gaps. The method used was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA guidelines, involving a search of the Scopus database using a combination of Boolean-based keywords, as well as article selection based on predefined inclusion criteria. Analysis results indicate that nutrient enrichment increases primary productivity; however, this is not always accompanied by an increase in energy transfer efficiency to higher trophic levels due to the dominance of opportunistic species and the role of microbial pathways in trapping energy. Comparatively, responses across ecosystems exhibit distinct patterns, where marine ecosystems tend to be nutrient-limited, coastal ecosystems are more responsive yet prone to instability, and estuarine ecosystems are fluctuating due to environmental variability. Furthermore, this study identifies research gaps, including a predominance of fragmented approaches, a lack of long-term data, and insufficient cross-ecosystem integration and trophic modelling. Consequently, a more integrative and comparative research approach is needed to enhance understanding of trophic dynamics and plankton-based food webs in the context of eutrophication and to support the sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems.
ABSTRAK
Eutrofikasi merupakan fenomena peningkatan nutrien yang berdampak luas terhadap struktur dan fungsi ekosistem perairan, terutama melalui perubahan dinamika trofik dan jaringan makanan berbasis plankton. Meskipun berbagai penelitian telah mengkaji respons plankton terhadap pengayaan nutrien, sebagian besar masih dilakukan secara parsial dan belum mengintegrasikan perbandingan lintas ekosistem. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika trofik dan struktur food web berbasis plankton sebagai respons terhadap eutrofikasi, membandingkan pola respons antarekosistem marine, coastal, dan estuarine, serta mengidentifikasi kesenjangan penelitian yang masih ada. Metode yang digunakan adalah Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis (Systematic Literature Review/SLR) dengan pendekatan PRISMA melalui pencarian di database Scopus menggunakan kombinasi kata kunci berbasis Boolean, serta seleksi artikel berdasarkan kriteria inklusi yang telah ditetapkan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pengayaan nutrien meningkatkan produktivitas primer, namun tidak selalu diikuti oleh peningkatan efisiensi transfer energi ke tingkat trofik yang lebih tinggi akibat dominasi spesies oportunistik dan peran jalur mikroba dalam menjebak energi. Secara komparatif, respons antarekosistem menunjukkan pola yang berbeda, di mana ekosistem laut cenderung terbatas oleh nutrien, ekosistem pesisir lebih responsif namun rentan tidak stabil, dan ekosistem estuari bersifat fluktuatif akibat variabilitas lingkungan. Selain itu, kajian ini mengidentifikasi adanya kesenjangan penelitian berupa dominasi pendekatan parsial, keterbatasan data jangka panjang, serta kurangnya integrasi lintas ekosistem dan pemodelan trofik. Dengan demikian, diperlukan pendekatan penelitian yang lebih integratif dan komparatif untuk meningkatkan pemahaman mengenai dinamika trofik dan jaringan makanan berbasis plankton dalam konteks eutrofikasi serta mendukung pengelolaan ekosistem perairan yang berkelanjutan.
Kata Kunci: Eutrofikasi, dinamika trofik, food web plankton, pengayaan nutrien, ekosistem pesisir
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