ANALYSIS OF REAL RELATIVE ASYMMETRY IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION NETWORK PROBLEMS USING SPACE SYNTAX, REDS, AND MACHINE LEARNING CONCEPTS

Keywords: Machine Learning, REDS, Space Syntax, Urban Transportation

Abstract

In the context of urban growth and increasing population density, urban transportation networks face significant challenges such as traffic congestion, infrastructure limitations, and traffic law violations. This study integrates three analytical approaches—Space Syntax, Resolving Efficient Dominating Set (REDS), and Graph Neural Networks (GNN)—to identify strategic locations for the deployment of mobile Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) units and to forecast potential traffic violations. The research focuses on Malang City, Indonesia, and utilizes spatial data and ETLE violation records. Results show that Laksamana Martadinata Street, which has the lowest Real Relative Asymmetry (RRA) value, is a key strategic location for monitoring. The REDS analysis yields a resolving efficient domination number that determines the optimal quantity and placement of mobile ETLE units. GNN-based multi-step time series forecasting successfully predicts traffic violation trends across 29 road segments with a Mean Squared Error (MSE) equal to 0.0173. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of spatial configuration analysis, graph theoretical optimization, and machine learning-based forecasting, offering a comprehensive approach not previously combined in related studies. However, limitations include the use of a single urban case study and constraints in the availability and granularity of violation data, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

H. Feng, F. Bai and Y. Xu, "IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL ROADS IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS BASED ON GPS TRAJECTORY DATA," vol. 535, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.122337

E. S. W. Jannah, Dafik and A. I. Kristiana, "RESEARCH-BASED LEARNING AND STEM LEARNING ACTIVITIES: THE USE OF RAINBOW ANTIMAGIC COLORING TO IMPROVE THE STUDENTS' INFORMATION LITERACY IN SOLVING ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT PROBLEMS," CGANT Journal of Mathematics and Applications, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 35-46, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.25037/cgantjma.v5i1.118

E. S. W. Jannah, Dafik and A. I. Kristiana, "THE DEVELOPMENT OF RBL-STEM LEARNING MATERIALS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS' INFORMATION LITERACY IN SOLVING RAINBOW ANTIMAGIC COLORING PROBLEM FOR ETLE TECHNOLOGY," vol. 7, no. 1, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i1-16

B. Irfan, "ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT (ETLE) IN THE CITY OF MAKASSAR," KnE Social Sciences, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i17.14139

Yuliantoro, "THE EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS WITH ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT," International Journal of Law Society Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlss.v3i2.35391

E. Nasali, "THE BREAKTHROUGH IN ENFORCING THE TRAFFIC LAW THROUGH E-TICKET," Proceedings from the 1st International Conference on Law and Human Rights (ICLHR), 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v10i3.3319

B. P. Statistik, LAND TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS 2023, Indonesia: BPS - Statistics, 2024.

A. Bagasatwika, "ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT: IS IT ABLE TO REDUCE TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS?," Unnes Law Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 73–96, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v5i1.28642

W. Narendroputro and E. Z. Rusfian, "THE INNOVATION CAPACITY OF THE ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT (ETLE) OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE VIEWED BY THE OBSERVATORY OF PUBLIC SECTOR INNOVATION (OPSI) FRAMEWORK," Jurnal Public Policy, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 262-269, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.35308/jpp.v9i4.7890

A. M. Putri and Z. Rusli, "EFFECTIVENESS OF MOBILE ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT (ETLE) IMPLEMENTATION IN PEKANBARU CITY," Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 15828–15836, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.32832/jurmayustisi.v1i2.574

Golshan, H. Hamedani, G. Motalebi and Most, "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPATIAL CONFIGURATION AND SOCIAL INTERACTION IN TEHRAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS: BRIDGING THE SPACE SYNTAX THEORY AND BEHAVIOR SETTINGS THEORY," International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning, vol. 31, p. 4, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.22068/ijaup.31.4.539

M. J. Dawes, M. J. Ostwald and J. H. Lee, "EXAMINING CONTROL, CENTRALITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN PALLADIO'S VILLA PLANS USING SPACE SYNTAX MEASUREMENTS," Frontiers of Architectural Research, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 467–482, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2021.02.002

Y. P. Deng, Y. Q. Sun, Q. Liu and H. C. Wang, "EFFICIENT DOMINATING SETS IN CIRCULANT GRAPHS," Discrete Mathematics, vol. 340, no. 7, pp. 1503-1507, 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disc.2017.02.014

R. A. Hakim, I. M. Tirta, R. M. Prihandini and I. H. Agustin, "ON RESOLVING EFFICIENT DOMINATION NUMBERS OF COMB PRODUCTS OF SPECIAL GRAPHS," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1832, no. 1, p. 12018, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1832/1/012018

M. I. N. Annadhifi, R. Adawiyah, Dafik and I. N. Suparta, "RAINBOW VERTEX CONNECTION NUMBER OF BULL GRAPH, NET GRAPH, TRIANGULAR LADDER GRAPH, AND COMPOSITION GRAPH (P_n [P_1])," BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1665-1672, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol18iss3pp1665-1672

N. Estuningsih, T. W. Damayanti and L. Susilowati, "THE DOMINANT METRIC DIMENSION ON THE VERTEX AMALGAMATION PRODUCT GRAPH," AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2975, no. 1, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0181059

R. Zhang, "SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS FOR URBAN PLANNING," Int. J. New Dev. Eng. Soc, vol. 7, pp. 1-5, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.25236/IJNDES.2023.070801

R. Patel, P. K. Singh and S. Saw, "TRAFFIC NOISE MODELING UNDER MIXED TRAFFIC CONDITION IN MID-SIZED INDIAN CITY: A LINEAR REGRESSION AND NEURAL NETWORK-BASED APPROACH," International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering & Management Sciences, vol. 9, no. 3, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.33889/IJMEMS.2024.9.3.022

R. M. Prihandini, M. R. Rahmadani and Dafik, "ANALYSIS OF RESOLVING EFFICIENT DOMINATING SET AND ITS APPLICATION SCHEME IN SOLVING ETLE PROBLEMS," BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1615-1628, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol18iss3pp1615-1628

M. Graña and I. Morais-Quilez, "A REVIEW OF GRAPH NEURAL NETWORKS FOR ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY DATA ANALYSIS," Neurocomputing, vol. 126901, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2023.126901

H. A. N. Pratiwi, A. Rachmansyah, A. Efani, F. C. Wardana and F. R. Dhana, "FIRE DISASTER MITIGATION STRATEGY IN MALANG CITY USING A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) APPROACH," urnal Pendidikan Geografi: Kajian, Teori, dan Praktek dalam Bidang Pendidikan dan Ilmu Geografi, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 9, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.17977/um017v29i22024p224-239

A. K. Kayisu, M. El-Bahnasawi, M. Alsisi, K. Egbine, W. V. Kambale, P. N. Bokoro and K. Kyamakya, "SYSTEM DYNAMICS FOR A HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT OF ROAD TRAFFIC CONGESTION–A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW WITH SOME SELECTED SIMPLE USE-CASES RELATED TO THE TOWN OF KINSHASA," WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, vol. 20, pp. 1032-1044, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.37394/232015.2024.20.94

P. Tutuko, N. Bonifacius, D. Yuniawan, N. Aini, Z. Shen, E. Mohamad and A. G. Sulaksono, "THE PATTERN OF LAND USE INTEGRATION IN HISTORIC AREAS IN THE CBD ZONE: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SPACE SYNTAX ATTRIBUTES OF MALANG, MELAKA, AND KANAZAWA," International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 148-169, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.10.3148

Published
2025-07-01
How to Cite
[1]
R. Adawiyah, F. Mardiyah, D. Dafik, I. H. Agustin, E. S. W. Jannah, and M. Marsidi, “ANALYSIS OF REAL RELATIVE ASYMMETRY IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION NETWORK PROBLEMS USING SPACE SYNTAX, REDS, AND MACHINE LEARNING CONCEPTS”, BAREKENG: J. Math. & App., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1865-1878, Jul. 2025.

Most read articles by the same author(s)